Related papers: The Topological Structure of Question Theory
The language of probability is used to define several different types of conditional statements. There are four principal types: subjunctive, material, existential, and feasibility. Two further types of conditionals are defined using the…
Directed Algebraic Topology studies spaces equipped with a form of direction, to include models of non-reversible processes. In the present extension we also want to cover critical processes, indecomposable and unstoppable. The previous…
The paper has a form of a talk on the given topic. It consists of three parts. The first part of the paper contains main notions, the second one is devoted to logical geometry, the third part describes types and isotypeness. The problems…
Online learning platforms provide learning materials and answers to students' academic questions by experts, peers, or systems. This paper explores question-type identification as a step in content understanding for an online learning…
In this position paper, I first describe a new perspective on machine learning (ML) by four basic problems (or levels), namely, "What to learn?", "How to learn?", "What to evaluate?", and "What to adjust?". The paper stresses more on the…
The concept of typed topological space is introduced, for which open sets in a topology on a finite set will be assigned types (from lattice). The neighborhood system of a point, the closure and the connectedness can be defined according to…
In recent work, Stalnaker proposes a logical framework in which belief is realized as a weakened form of knowledge. Building on Stalnaker's core insights, and using frameworks developed by Bjorndahl and Baltag et al., we employ topological…
Underlying the theory of inferences, a primary task of logic is language analysis. Such a task can be understood as depending on a general theory of representation, taking as a starting point the idea that some entities (`` representations…
Many types of categorical structure obey the following principle: the natural notion of equivalence is generated, as an equivalence relation, by identifying $A$ with $B$ when there exists a strictly structure-preserving map $A \to B$ that…
Algorithms of question answering in a computer system oriented on input and logical processing of text information are presented. A knowledge domain under consideration is social behavior of a person. A database of the system includes an…
As an attempt to uncover the topological nature of composition of strategies in game semantics, we present a ``topological'' game for Multiplicative Additive Linear Logic without propositional variables, including cut moves. We recast the…
In semantic technologies, the shared common understanding of the structure of information among artifacts (people or software agents) can be realized by building an ontology. To do this, it is imperative for an ontology builder to answer…
Asking good questions is an essential ability for both human and machine intelligence. However, existing neural question generation approaches mainly focus on the short factoid type of answers. In this paper, we propose a neural question…
In education, open-ended quiz questions have become an important tool for assessing the knowledge of students. Yet, manually preparing such questions is a tedious task, and thus automatic question generation has been proposed as a possible…
Algorithms of inference in a computer system oriented to input and semantic processing of text information are presented. Such inference is necessary for logical questions when the direct comparison of objects from a question and database…
The subject of topological defects has become a very attractive field of study given its apparent relevance to as diverse systems as the early universe and condensed matter. As usually envisaged the topology of the manifold M of the minima…
This is a largely expository paper about how groups arise or are of interest in model theory. Included are the following topics: classifying groups definable in specific structures or theories and the relation to algebraic groups, groups…
How do networks form and what is their ultimate topology? Most of the literature that addresses these questions assumes complete information: agents know in advance the value of linking to other agents, even with agents they have never met…
This article looks at how reasoning works in current Large Language Models (LLMs) that function using the token-completion method. It examines their stochastic nature and their similarity to human abductive reasoning. The argument is that…
We need much better understanding of information processing and computation as its primary form. Future progress of new computational devices capable of dealing with problems of big data, internet of things, semantic web, cognitive robotics…