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We argue that the field-parametrization dependence of Dirac's procedure, for Hamiltonians with first-class constraints not only preserves covariance in covariant theories, but in non-covariant gauge theories it allows one to find the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-12-26 N. Kiriushcheva , P. G. Komorowski , S. V. Kuzmin

Dirac's approach to gauge symmetries is discussed. We follow closely the steps that led him from his conjecture concerning the generators of gauge transformations {\it at a given time} --to be contrasted with the common view of gauge…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Josep M. Pons

We express the vacuum Einstein constraints in terms of differential forms - the forms include one-forms constituting an orthonormal coframe of the spatial metric. We show that if the metric is real-analytic, then the constraints can be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-04-01 Andrzej Okolow , Jakub Szymankiewicz

We find a one-parameter family of variables which recast the 3+1 Einstein equations into first-order symmetric-hyperbolic form for any fixed choice of gauge. Hyperbolicity considerations lead us to a redefinition of the lapse in terms of an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-28 Simonetta Frittelli , Oscar A. Reula

In order to quantize systems involving second-class constraints, one should use Dirac bracket instead of Poisson bracket. Furthermore, one can specify a star product in which the term linear in $\hbar$ is proportional to the Dirac bracket.…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2026-03-25 Bing-Sheng Lin , Tai-Hua Heng

Scaling symmetries have previously been examined for classical field theories described by singular Lagrangians; in this article, we apply these results to the first-order formulation of General Relativity. It is shown that the dynamical…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-08 Callum Bell , David Sloan

We apply the Dirac procedure for constrained systems to the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formalism linearized around the Bianchi I universe. We discuss and employ basic concepts such as Dirac observables, Dirac brackets, gauge-fixing conditions,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-12-15 Alice Boldrin , Przemysław Małkiewicz

A new analysis of the gauge invariances and their unity with diffeomorphism invariances in second order metric gravity is presented which strictly follows Dirac's constrained Hamiltonian approach.

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-09-25 Pradip Mukherjee , Anirban Saha

A first-order gauge invariant formulation for the two-dimensional quantum rigid rotor is long known in the theoretical physics community as an isolated peculiar model. Parallel to that fact, the longstanding constraints abelianization…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-11-18 Suzicleide L. de Oliveira , Camila M. B. Santos , Ronaldo Thibes

The dynamical systems invariant under gauge transformations with higher order time derivatives of the gauge parameter are considered from the Hamiltonian point of view. We investigate the consequences of the basic requirements that the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-13 M. N. Stoilov

The Hamiltonian formalism of Einstein--Cartan (EC) gravity is a starting point for canonical quantum gravity. The existing formalisms are at most Lorentz covariant, or diffeomorphism covariant. Here we analyze the Hamiltonian EC gravity in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-03-26 Jia-An Lu

We explore the ultra-relativistic limit of a class of four dimensional gravity theories, known as Lovelock-Cartan gravities, in the first order formalism. First, we review the well known limit of the Einstein-Hilbert action. A very useful…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-12-08 Amanda Guerrieri , Rodrigo F. Sobreiro

We present a Cartan-like first-order action principle for electric Carrollian gravity. The action is invariant under the local homogeneous Carroll group, albeit in a different representation than the one obtained by gauging the Carroll…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2024-06-05 Simon Pekar , Alfredo Pérez , Patricio Salgado-Rebolledo

In this paper the quantization of the 2$+$1-dimensional gravity couplet to the massless Dirac field is carried out. The problem is solved by the application of the new Dynamic Quantization Method [1,2]. It is well-known that in general…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 S. N. Vergeles

A toy model (suggested by Klauder) is analyzed from the perspective of First Class and Second Class Dirac constrained systems. The comparison is made by turning a First Class into a Second Class system with the introduction of suitable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-31 Eyo Eyo Ita , Chopin Soo , Abraham Tan

Canonical quantisation of constrained systems with first class constraints via Dirac's operator constraint method proceeds by the thory of Rigged Hilbert spaces, sometimes also called Refined Algebraic Quantisation (RAQ). This method can…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-04-07 Muxin Han , Thomas Thiemann

The dimensionful nature of the coupling in the Einstein-Hilbert action in four dimensions implies that the theory is non-renormalizable; explicit calculation shows that beginning at two loop order, divergences arise that cannot be removed…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-08-27 F. T. Brandt , J. Frenkel , D. G. C. McKeon

In this article we show in some detail how the full action functional of the standard model of elementary particle physics can be described within the geometrical setting of generalized Dirac operators. We thereby introduce a new model…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-30 Juergen Tolksdorf

A first-order formulation of gravity is developed in which the fundamental fields consist of an SL(2,C) connection and two spinor-valued 1-forms. It is shown that the first term of an expansion of the Einstein-Hilbert action leads to an…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-11-06 Nicolas Ivancevic

The Hamiltonian formulation of N-bein, Einstein-Cartan, gravity, using its first order form in any dimension higher than two, is analyzed. This Hamiltonian formulation allows to explicitly show where peculiarities of three dimensional case…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-07-11 N. Kiriushcheva , S. V. Kuzmin