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We compute the accretion efficiency of small solids, with radii 1 cm $\le$ Rs $\le$ 10 m, on planets embedded in gaseous disks. Planets have masses 3 $\le$ Mp $\le$ 20 Earth masses (Me) and orbit within 10 AU of a solar-mass star. Disk…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-06 Gennaro D'Angelo , Peter Bodenheimer

Recent theoretical works suggest that the pebble accretion process is important for planet formation in protoplanetary disks, because it accelerates the growth of planetary cores. While several observations reveal axisymmetric sharp gaps in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-01-23 Yuki A. Tanaka , Yusuke Tsukamoto

Models of planetary core growth by either planetesimal or pebble accretion are traditionally disconnected from the models of dust evolution and formation of the first gravitationally-bound planetesimals. The state-of-the-art models…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-28 Tommy Chi Ho Lau , Joanna Drążkowska , Sebastian M. Stammler , Tilman Birnstiel , Cornelis P. Dullemond

Peak temperatures inside meteorite parent bodies are closely linked to accretion times. Most iron meteorites come from bodies that accreted <0.5 Myr after CAIs formed and were melted by 26Al and 60Fe, probably inside 2 AU. Chondrite groups…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Edward R. D. Scott

N-body numerical simulations code for the orbital motion of asteroids/planetesimals within the asteroid belt under the gravitational influence of the sun and the accreting planets has been developed. The aim is to make qualitative, and to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-08-09 Sandeep Sahijpal

The cores of wide-orbit giant planets can form via pebble accretion if large planetesimals form in the outer regions of protoplanetary discs at sufficiently early times. Streaming instability simulations support mass distributions…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-11 Sebastian Lorek , Michiel Lambrechts

The formation of planetesimals was a key step in the assemblage of planetary bodies, yet many aspects of their formation remain poorly constrained. Notably, the mechanism by which chondrules -- sub-millimetric spheroids that dominate…

Streaming instability is hypothesized to be triggered at particular protoplanetary disk locations where the volume density of the solid particles is enriched comparable to that of the gas. A ring of planetesimals thus forms when this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-08-10 Hyerin Jang , Beibei Liu , Anders Johansen

Chondrules are primitive materials in the Solar System. They are formed in the first about 3 Myr of the Solar System's history. This timescale is longer than that of Mars formation, and it is conceivable that protoplanets, planetesimals and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-03-15 Yuji Matsumoto , Shoichi Oshino , Yasuhiro Hasegawa , Shigeru Wakita

I examine the standard model of planet formation, including pebble accretion, using numerical simulations. Planetary embryos large enough to become giant planets do not form beyond the ice line within a typical disk lifetime unless icy…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-07-06 J. E. Chambers

It is widely held that the first step in forming the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter and Saturn, is to form solid `cores' of roughly 10 M$_\oplus$. Getting the cores to form before the solar nebula dissipates ($\sim\!1-10\,$Myr) has been…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-10-09 Harold F. Levison , Katherine A. Kretke , Martin J. Duncan

The growth and migration of planetesimals in a young protoplanetary disc are fundamental to planet formation. In all models of early growth, there are several processes that can inhibit grains from reaching larger sizes. Nevertheless,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-08 A. Hughes , A. C. Boley

The formation of cold gas giants similar to Jupiter and Saturn in orbit and mass is a great challenge for planetesimal-driven core accretion models because the core growth rates far from the star are low. Here we model the growth and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-11-06 Anders Johansen , Bertram Bitsch

Observations and models of giant planets indicate that such objects are enriched in heavy elements compared to solar abundances. The prevailing view is that giant planets accreted multiple Earth masses of heavy elements after the end of…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-05-18 Linn E. J. Eriksson , Thomas Ronnet , Anders Johansen , Ravit Helled , Claudio Valletta , Antoine C. Petit

The asteroid belt is the leftover of the original planetesimal population in the inner solar system. However, currently the asteroids have orbits with all possible values of eccentricities and inclinations compatible with long-term…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2016-08-31 Alessandro Morbidelli , Kevin J. Walsh , David P. O'Brien , David A. Minton , William F. Bottke

Debris disks around main-sequence stars are believed to derive from planetesimal populations that have accreted at early epochs and survived possible planet formation processes. While debris disks must contain solids in a broad range of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Alexander V. Krivov , Sebastian Müller , Torsten Löhne , Harald Mutschke

Accumulation of dust and ice particles into planetesimals is an important step in the planet formation process. Planetesimals are the seeds of both terrestrial planets and the solid cores of gas and ice giants forming by core accretion.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 Anders Johansen , Jürgen Blum , Hidekazu Tanaka , Chris Ormel , Martin Bizzarro , Hans Rickman

Pebble accretion refers to the growth of planetary bodies through the accretion of pebble-sized particles. Pebbles are defined in terms of their aerodynamically size $\tau_s$, which describes the level of coupling to the disk gas.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-12-12 C. W. Ormel

The accretion of pebbles on planetary cores has been widely studied in recent years and is found to be a highly effective mechanism for planetary growth. While most studies assume planetary cores as an initial condition in their simulation,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-10 Oliver Voelkel , Rogerio Deienno , Katherine Kretke , Hubert Klahr

Observations of dusty debris disks can be used to test theories of planetesimal coagulation. Planetesimals of sizes up to a couple thousand kms are embedded in these disks and their mutual collisions generate the small dust grains that are…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2011-10-03 Andrew B. Shannon , Yanqin Wu