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A case of two interpenetrating, cold and quasi-neutral ion-electron plasmas is investigated with the multi-fluid approach. We consider that one plasma flows quasi-parallel to the lines of a background magnetic field embedded in another…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-03-19 Vladimir Zekovic

Energetic astrophysical phenomena, such as $\gamma$-ray bursts and supernova explosion-driven shocks in collisionless plasmas, involve various plasma kinetic instabilities, such as the Weibel instability. In this paper, we explore the…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Michael C. Sitarz

Multi-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are used to study the generation of electrostatic shocks in plasma and the reflection of background ions to produce high-quality and high-energy ion beams. Electrostatic shocks are driven by…

The study of collisionless shocks and their role in cosmic-ray acceleration has gained increasing importance through both observations and simulations. Accurately modeling the shock transition region, where particle injection occurs,…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2026-04-08 Luca Orusa , Taiki Jikei

Shock acceleration is an ubiquitous phenomenon in astrophysical plasmas. Plasma waves and their associated instabilities (e.g., Buneman, Weibel and other two-stream instabilities) created in collisionless shocks are responsible for particle…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 K. -I. Nishikawa , P. Hardee , G. Richardson , R. Preece , H. Sol , G. J. Fishman

Plasma outflows from gamma-ray bursts, supernovae, and relativistic jets, in general, interact with the surrounding medium through collisionless shocks. The microphysics of such shocks are still poorly understood, which, potentially, can…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Christian Busk Hededal , Ken-Ichi Nishikawa

The collision of two plasma clouds at a speed that exceeds the ion acoustic speed can result in the formation of shocks. This phenomenon is observed not only in astrophysical scenarios such as the propagation of supernova remnant (SNR)…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-19 Mark Eric Dieckmann , Gianluca Sarri , Domenico Doria , Hamad Ahmed , Marco Borghesi

Electrostatic behavior of a collisionless plasma in the foot region of high Mach number perpendicular shocks is investigated through the two-dimensional linear analysis and electrostatic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The simulations…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Yutaka Ohira , Fumio Takahara

We analyse the full shock formation process in electron-ion plasmas in theory and simulations. It is accepted that electromagnetic shocks in initially unmagnetised relativistic plasmas are triggered by the filamentation instability.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-24 Anne Stockem Novo , Antoine Bret , Ricardo A. Fonseca , Luis O. Silva

Collisionless shocks can be produced as a result of strong magnetic fields in a plasma flow, and therefore are common in many astrophysical systems. The Weibel instability is one candidate mechanism for the generation of sufficiently strong…

A two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation is performed to investigate weakly magnetized perpendicular shocks with a magnetization parameter of 6 x 10^-5, which is equivalent to a high Alfv\'en Mach number M_A of ~130. It is shown that…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2010-09-03 Tsunehiko N. Kato , Hideaki Takabe

Fully kinetic two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are used to study electron acceleration at high-Mach-number nonrelativistic perpendicular shocks. SNR shocks are mediated by the Weibel instability which is excited because of an…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-04-15 Artem Bohdan , Martin Pohl , Jacek Niemiec , Sergei Vafin , Yosuke Matsumoto , Takanobu Amano , Masahiro Hoshino

Shock acceleration is an ubiquitous phenomenon in astrophysical plasmas. Plasma waves and their associated instabilities (e.g.,Buneman, Weibel and other two-stream instabilities) created in collisionless shocks are responsible for particle…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 K. -I. Nishikawa , P. Hardee , G. Richardson , R. Preece , H. Sol , G. J. Fishman

Large-scale two-dimensional (2D) full particle-in-cell simulations are carried out for studying the relationship between the dynamics of a perpendicular shock and microinstabilities generated at the shock foot. The structure and dynamics of…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2014-02-10 Takayuki Umeda , Yoshitaka Kidani , Shuichi Matsukiyo , Ryo Yamazaki

We model relativistically colliding plasma by PIC simulations in one and two spatial dimensions, taking an ion-to-electron mass ratio of 400. Energy dissipation by a wave precursor of mixed polarity and different densities of the colliding…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 M. E. Dieckmann , P. K. Shukla , L. O. C. Drury

Collisionless shocks occur in various fields of physics. In the context of space and astrophysics they have been investigated for many decades. However, a thorough understanding of shock formation and particle acceleration is still missing.…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2015-09-18 A. Stockem Novo , A. Bret , R. A. Fonseca , L. O. Silva

Laser-driven collisonless electrostatic shock formation and the subsequent ion acceleration have been studied in near critical density plasmas. Particle-in-cell simulations show that both the speed of laser-driven collisionless…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2016-11-22 M. Liu , S. M. Weng , Y. T. Li , D. W. Yuan , M. Chen , P. Mulser , Z. M. Sheng , M. Murakami , L. L. Yu , X. L. Zheng , J. Zhang

We examine with a particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation the collision of two equally dense clouds of cold pair plasma. The clouds interpenetrate until instabilities set in, which heat up the plasma and trigger the formation of a pair of shocks.…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2017-03-08 Mark Eric Dieckmann , Antoine Bret

Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in astrophysics and in the lab. Recent numerical simulations and experiments have shown how they can arise from the encounter of two collisionless plasma shells. When the shells interpenetrate, the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-15 A. Bret , A. Stockem , F. Fiuza , C. Ruyer , L. Gremillet , R. Narayan , L. O. Silva

Electron acceleration mechanism at high Mach number collisionless shocks propagating in a weakly magnetized medium is investigated by a self-consistent two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. Simulation results show that strong…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-12-18 Takanobu Amano , Masahiro Hoshino