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Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have opened a new era in programming with their impressive capabilities. However, recent research has revealed critical limitations in their ability to reason about runtime behavior and understand the…
Assuring safety of automated vehicles (SAE Level 3+) requires specifying and validating the behavior of such a vehicle in its operational environment. In order to argue and support assumptions that are made during the behavior specification…
Sequence labeling architectures use word embeddings for capturing similarity, but suffer when handling previously unseen or rare words. We investigate character-level extensions to such models and propose a novel architecture for combining…
We present a small, formal language for specifying the behavior of simple console I/O programs. The design is driven by the concrete application case of testing interactive Haskell programs written by students. Specifications are…
Sketches and diagrams play an important role in the daily work of software developers. In this paper, we investigate the use of sketches and diagrams in software engineering practice. To this end, we used both quantitative and qualitative…
Software documentation frequently becomes outdated or fails to exist entirely, yet developers need focused views of their codebase to understand complex systems. While automated reverse engineering tools can generate UML diagrams from code,…
The Unified Modelling Language is emerging as a de-facto standard for modelling object-oriented systems. However, the semantics document that a part of the standard definition primarily provides a description of the language's syntax and…
Recent work has demonstrated that semantics specified by pretraining data influence how representations of different concepts are organized in a large language model (LLM). However, given the open-ended nature of LLMs, e.g., their ability…
Modelling software product line (SPL) features plays a crucial role to a successful development of SPL. Feature diagram is one of the widely used notations to model SPL variants. However, there is a lack of precisely defined formal…
The trend in the development of highly automated vehicles goes towards scenario-based methods. Traffic Sequence Charts are a visual but yet formal language for describing scenario-based requirements on highly automated vehicles. This work…
In software system design, one of the purposes of diagrammatic modeling is to explain something (e.g., data tables) to others. Very often, syntax of diagrams is specified while the intended meaning of diagrammatic constructs remains…
Analysis of execution traces plays a fundamental role in many program analysis approaches, such as runtime verification, testing, monitoring, and specification mining. Execution traces are frequently parametric, i.e., they contain events…
Providing accurate/suitable information on behaviors in sma\-rt environments is a challenging and crucial task in pervasive computing where context-awareness and pro-activity are of fundamental importance. Behavioral identifications enable…
The availability of interaction devices has raised interest in techniques to support the user interface (UI). A UI specification describes the functions that a system provides to its users by capturing the interface details and includes…
An essential element of any verification technique is that of identifying and communicating to the user, system behaviour which leads to a deviation from the expected behaviour. Such behaviours are typically made available as long traces of…
A software architecture describes the structure of a computing system by specifying software components and their interactions. Mapping a software architecture to an implementation is a well known challenge. A key element of this mapping is…
The design of a system and its implementation are two tasks often carried out by different individuals on a development team, and can occur weeks or months apart. This creates a potential for divergence between real behavior and the…
In software engineering processes, systems are first specified using a modeling language such as UML. These initial designs are often collaboratively created, many times in meetings where different domain experts use whiteboards, paper or…
Various linearizations have been proposed to cast syntactic dependency parsing as sequence labeling. However, these approaches do not support more complex graph-based representations, such as semantic dependencies or enhanced universal…
Relating formal re nement techniques with commercial object oriented software development methods is important to achieve enhancement of the power and exibility of these software development methods and tools. We will present an automata…