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Perhaps one of the most intriguing questions in philosophy concerns the true nature of external reality. In this paper, we discuss some of the theories that have been put forth regarding the nature of reality and of our perceived universe.…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Ashwin Vaidya , Bong-Jae Chung

Ultrafinitism postulates that we can only compute on relatively short objects, and numbers beyond certain value are not available. This approach would also forbid many forms of infinitary reasoning and allow to remove certain paradoxes…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-08-22 Michał J. Gajda

This paper presents a plausible reasoning system to illustrate some broad issues in knowledge representation: dualities between different reasoning forms, the difficulty of unifying complementary reasoning styles, and the approximate nature…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-26 Wray L. Buntine

The tension between qualitative theorizing and quantitative methods is pervasive in the social sciences, and poses a constant challenge to empirical research. But in science studies as an interdisciplinary specialty, there are additional…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2015-05-25 Loet Leydesdorff

We propose a new formalism for specifying and reasoning about problems that involve heterogeneous "pieces of information" -- large collections of data, decision procedures of any kind and complexity and connections between them. The essence…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-12-30 Eugenia Ternovska

This paper enlarges classical syllogistic logic with assertions having to do with comparisons between the sizes of sets. So it concerns a logical system whose sentences are of the following forms: {\sf All $x$ are $y$} and {\sf Some $x$ are…

Logic · Mathematics 2020-03-25 Lawrence S. Moss , Selçuk Topal

Logical reasoning is central to human cognition and intelligence. It includes deductive, inductive, and abductive reasoning. Past research of logical reasoning within AI uses formal language as knowledge representation and symbolic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Zonglin Yang , Xinya Du , Rui Mao , Jinjie Ni , Erik Cambria

A formal context consists of objects, properties, and the incidence relation between them. Various notions of concepts defined with respect to formal contexts and their associated algebraic structures have been studied extensively,…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-01-14 Prosenjit Howlader , Churn-Jung Liau

We consider Hilbert's problem of the axioms of Physics at a qualitative or conceptual level. This issue is more pressing than ever as we seek to understand how both General Relativity and quantum theory could emerge from some deeper theory…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 Shahn Majid

In this article I deal with the notion of observation in the most fundamental sense and its representation by means of formal languages serving as expressional tools of formal-axiomatical theories. In doing so, I have taken this notion in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-02-10 Stathis Livadas

We investigate the properties of formal languages expressible in terms of formulas over quantifier-free theories of word equations, arithmetic over length constraints, and language membership predicates for the classes of regular, visibly…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Joel D. Day , Vijay Ganesh , Nathan Grewal , Florin Manea

Formal logic has often been seen as uniquely placed to analyze mathematical argumentation. While formal logic is certainly necessary for a complete understanding of mathematical practice, it is not sufficient. Important aspects of…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2024-05-06 Andrew Aberdein , Zoe Ashton

In this introductory note, I describe my particular view of the notion of ontological commitments as honest and pragmatic working hypotheses that assume the existence (out there) of certain entities represented by the symbols in our theory.…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2014-01-15 Pablo Echenique-Robba

We explore the rational, formal and non-formal criteria of consistency, non-triviality and redundancy in the mathematical research now a days. We develop a paradigmatic discussion by analysing the different conceptions of those criteria,…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2018-03-01 Eleonora Catsigeras

These are lecture notes on the algebraic approach to regular languages. The classical algebraic approach is for finite words; it uses semigroups instead of automata. However, the algebraic approach can be extended to structures beyond…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-27 Mikołaj Bojańczyk

High energy physics features many ingenious tools for extracting finite results from formally divergent expressions. This brief note argues from a new perspective that all such formal infinities are meaningful markers of new physics. As…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2022-09-13 Djordje Radicevic

This short note presents a new relation between coherent spaces and finiteness spaces. This takes the form of a functor from COH to FIN commuting with the additive and multiplicative structure of linear logic. What makes this correspondence…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Pierre Hyvernat

In the concluding remarks of Ontological Promiscuity Hobbs (1985) made what we believe to be a very insightful observation: given that semantics is an attempt at specifying the relation between language and the world, if "one can assume a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Walid S. Saba

This article reviews and develops an epistemological tradition in the philosophy of science, known as convergentism, which holds that inference methods should be assessed based on their ability to converge to the truth across a range of…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2025-07-01 Hanti Lin

Pure type systems arise as a generalisation of simply typed lambda calculus. The contemporary development of mathematics has renewed the interest in type theories, as they are not just the object of mere historical research, but have an…

Logic · Mathematics 2014-11-07 Nino Guallart