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The matrices of spanning rooted forests are studied as a tool for analysing the structure of networks and measuring their properties. The problems of revealing the basic bicomponents, measuring vertex proximity, and ranking from preference…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-05-29 Pavel Chebotarev , Rafig Agaev

The eigenvalues of the normalized Laplacian matrix of a network plays an important role in its structural and dynamical aspects associated with the network. In this paper, we study the spectra and their applications of normalized Laplacian…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2013-06-04 Alafate Julaiti , Bin Wu , Zhongzhi Zhang

We study spanning trees on Sierpinski graphs (i.e., finite approximations to the Sierpinski gasket) that are chosen uniformly at random. We construct a joint probability space for uniform spanning trees on every finite Sierpinski graph and…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-01-14 Masato Shinoda , Elmar Teufl , Stephan Wagner

We prove a Matrix-Tree Theorem enumerating the spanning trees of a cell complex in terms of the eigenvalues of its cellular Laplacian operators, generalizing a previous result for simplicial complexes. As an application, we obtain explicit…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-10-05 Art M. Duval , Caroline J. Klivans , Jeremy L. Martin

We introduce root-to-leaf path random walks on double covers of graded signed graphs and analyze their behavior in a general setting. Viewing simplicial complexes within this framework, we show that these walks induce the natural…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-01 Francesco Viganò , Tolga Birdal , Michael T. Schaub , Mauricio Barahona

A spanning tree of a graph $G$ is a connected acyclic spanning subgraph of $G$. We consider enumeration of spanning trees when $G$ is a $2$-tree, meaning that $G$ is obtained from one edge by iteratively adding a vertex whose neighborhood…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-07-21 P. Renjith , N. Sadagopan , Douglas B. West

We consider a Gibbs distribution over all spanning trees of an undirected, edge weighted finite graph, where, up to normalization, the probability of each tree is given by the product of its edge weights. Defining the weighted degree of a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Enrique Fita Sanmartín , Christoph Schnörr , Fred A. Hamprecht

We consider the problem of uniformly generating a spanning tree, of a connected undirected graph. This process is useful to compute statistics, namely for phylogenetic trees. We describe a Markov chain for producing these trees. For cycle…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Luís M. S. Russo , Andreia Sofia Teixeira , Alexandre P Francisco

We define a graph Laplacian with vertex weights in addition to the more classical edge weights, which unifies the combinatorial Laplacian and the normalised Laplacian. Moreover, we give a combinatorial interpretation for the coefficients of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-10-28 Farid Aliniaeifard , Victor Wang , Stephanie van Willigenburg

Motivated by the problem of routing reliably and scalably in a graph, we introduce the notion of a splicer, the union of spanning trees of a graph. We prove that for any bounded-degree n-vertex graph, the union of two random spanning trees…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2008-07-10 Navin Goyal , Luis Rademacher , Santosh Vempala

An arborescence of a directed graph $\Gamma$ is a spanning tree directed toward a particular vertex $v$. The arborescences of a graph rooted at a particular vertex may be encoded as a polynomial $A_v(\Gamma)$ representing the sum of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-24 Sunita Chepuri , CJ Dowd , Andy Hardt , Gregory Michel , Sylvester W. Zhang , Valerie Zhang

We present a determinantal formula for the number of spanning trees of a complete multipartite graph containing a given spanning forest $F$. Our approach relies on the Generalized Matrix Determinant Lemma and Jacobi's formula for the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-04 Wei Wang , Jun Ge

We discuss several connections between discrete and continuous random trees. In the discrete setting, we focus on Galton-Watson trees under various conditionings. In particular, we present a simple approach to Aldous' theorem giving the…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Jean-Francois Le Gall

We present an elementary proof of a generalization of Kirchoff's matrix tree theorem to directed, weighted graphs. The proof is based on a specific factorization of the Laplacian matrices associated to the graphs, which only involves the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-04-30 Patrick De Leenheer

Among subgraphs with a fixed number of vertices of the regular square lattice, we prove inequalities that essentially say that those with smaller boundaries have larger numbers of spanning trees and vice-versa. As an application, we relate…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-06-06 Kristopher Tapp

We give two combinatorial proofs of an elegant product formula for the number of spanning trees of the $n$-dimensional hypercube. The first proof is based on the assertion that if one chooses a uniformly random rooted spanning tree of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-07-13 Olivier Bernardi

Given a finite planar graph, a grove is a spanning forest in which every component tree contains one or more of a specified set of vertices (called nodes) on the outer face. For the uniform measure on groves, we compute the probabilities of…

Probability · Mathematics 2011-06-30 Richard W. Kenyon , David B. Wilson

This paper investigates spectral properties of the deformed Laplacian matrix, which merges the Laplacian and signless Laplacian matrices of a graph through a one-parameter family of matrices. We present general results on the eigenvalues of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-04 Roberto C. Díaz , Elismar R. Oliveira , Vilmar Trevisan

Neural Networks and Decision Trees: two popular techniques for supervised learning that are seemingly disconnected in their formulation and optimization method, have recently been combined in a single construct. The connection pivots on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-27 Giuseppe Nuti , Lluís Antoni Jiménez Rugama , Kaspar Thommen

We introduce a family of post-critically finite fractal trees indexed by the number of branches they possess. Then we produce a Laplacian operator on graph approximations to these fractals and use spectral decimation to describe the…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2011-05-11 Daniel Ford , Benjamin Steinhurst