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The asymptotic probability theory of conjugacy classes of the finite general linear and unitary groups leads to a probability measure on the set of all partitions of natural numbers. A simple method of understanding these measures in terms…
We show that probabilities of results of all possible measurements performing on a quantum system depend on the system's state only through its density matrix. Therefore all experimentally available information about the state contains in…
Stochastic monotonicity is a well known partial order relation between probability measures defined on the same partially ordered set. Strassen Theorem establishes equivalence between stochastic monotonicity and the existence of a coupling…
Two basic properties of the set of all probability measures on the set of quantum states and their corollaries are considered. Several applications of these properties to analysis of functional constructions widely used in quantum…
Multi-class classification methods that produce sets of probabilistic classifiers, such as ensemble learning methods, are able to model aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty. Aleatoric uncertainty is then typically quantified via the Bayes…
We present a categorical viewpoint of probability measures by showing that a probability measure can be viewed as a weakly averaging affine measurable functional taking values in the unit interval which preserves limits. The probability…
In the first part of this two-part article, we have introduced and analyzed a multidimensional model, called the 'general tension-reduction' (GTR) model, able to describe general quantum-like measurements with an arbitrary number of…
Both in quantum theory and in general probabilistic theories, measurements with $n$ outcomes are modelled as $n$-tuples of \emph{effects} summing up to the unit effect. Why is this the case, and can this assumption be meaningfully relaxed?…
In the probabilistic construction of K\"ahler-Einstein metrics on a complex projective algebraic manifold X - involving random point processes on X - a key role is played by the partition function. In this work a new quantitative bound on…
We review recent progress on Horn's problem, which asks for a description of the possible eigenspectra of the sum of two matrices with known eigenvalues. After revisiting the classical case, we consider several generalizations in which the…
In quantum theory, it is known for a pair of noncommutative observables that there is no state on which they take simultaneously definite values, and that there is no joint measurement of them. They are called preparation uncertainty and…
The Wasserstein distance between two probability measures on a metric space is a measure of closeness with applications in statistics, probability, and machine learning. In this work, we consider the fundamental question of how quickly the…
In non-relativistic as well as in special relativistic quantum theory, {\em mass} and {\em charge} are {\em pure numbers} appearing in various (quantum) operators and admit {\em any values}, {\it ie}, values for these quantities are to be…
Given a probability measure $\mu$ on a set $\mathcal{X}$ and a vector-valued function $\varphi$, a common problem is to construct a discrete probability measure on $\mathcal{X}$ such that the push-forward of these two probability measures…
The problem of comparing probability distributions is at the heart of many tasks in statistics and machine learning. Established comparison methods treat the standard setting that the distributions are supported in the same space. Recently,…
We discuss two ways to construct standard probability measures, called push-down measures, from internal probability measures. We show that the Wasserstein distance between an internal probability measure and its push-down measure is…
In this paper we make a series of numerical experiments to support Greenberg's $p$-rationality conjecture, we present a family of $p$-rational biquadratic fields and we find new examples of $p$-rational multiquadratic fields. In the case of…
A stochastic algorithm is proposed, finding some elements from the set of intrinsic $p$-mean(s) associated to a probability measure $\nu$ on a compact Riemannian manifold and to $p\in[1,\infty)$. It is fed sequentially with independent…
Suppose we are given two probability measures on the set of one-way infinite finite-alphabet sequences and consider the question when one of the measures predicts the other, that is, when conditional probabilities converge (in a certain…
It is conjectured that within the class group of any number field, for every integer $\ell \geq 1$, the $\ell$-torsion subgroup is very small (in an appropriate sense, relative to the discriminant of the field). In nearly all settings, the…