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Multivariate probabilistic time series forecasts are commonly evaluated via proper scoring rules, i.e., functions that are minimal in expectation for the ground-truth distribution. However, this property is not sufficient to guarantee good…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Étienne Marcotte , Valentina Zantedeschi , Alexandre Drouin , Nicolas Chapados

Proper scoring rules incentivize experts to accurately report beliefs, assuming predictions cannot influence outcomes. We relax this assumption and investigate incentives when predictions are performative, i.e., when they can influence the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Caspar Oesterheld , Johannes Treutlein , Emery Cooper , Rubi Hudson

In the face of uncertainty, the need for probabilistic assessments has long been recognized in the literature on forecasting. In classification, however, comparative evaluation of classifiers often focuses on predictions specifying a single…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-31 Johannes Resin

We introduce inference methods for score decompositions, which partition scoring functions for predictive assessment into three interpretable components: miscalibration, discrimination, and uncertainty. Our estimation and inference relies…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-05 Timo Dimitriadis , Marius Puke

Generalization error predictors (GEPs) aim to predict model performance on unseen distributions by deriving dataset-level error estimates from sample-level scores. However, GEPs often utilize disparate mechanisms (e.g., regressors,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Puja Trivedi , Danai Koutra , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

The classic concept of "calibrated forecasts" and its more recent refinement, "calibeating," are defined with respect to the standard quadratic scoring rule. We extend these notions to the class of $\textit{proper}$ scoring rules (for which…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-05-28 Dean P. Foster , Sergiu Hart

Consistency, in a narrow sense, denotes the alignment between the forecast-optimization strategy and the verification directive. The current recommended deterministic solar forecast verification practice is to report the skill score based…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-24 Martin János Mayer , Dazhi Yang

Proper scoring rules have been a subject of growing interest in recent years, not only as tools for evaluation of probabilistic forecasts but also as methods for estimating probability distributions. In this article, we review the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-12 Kartik Waghmare , Johanna Ziegel

This paper forges a strong connection between two seemingly unrelated forecasting problems: incentive-compatible forecast elicitation and forecast aggregation. Proper scoring rules are the well-known solution to the former problem. To each…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Eric Neyman , Tim Roughgarden

Measurement error is an important problem that has not been very well studied in the context of Functional Data Analysis. To the best of our knowledge, there are no existing methods that address the presence of functional measurement errors…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-19 Sneha Jadhav , Shuangge Ma

Every prediction is ultimately used in a downstream task. Consequently, evaluating prediction quality is more meaningful when considered in the context of its downstream use. Metrics based solely on predictive performance often diverge from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Novin Shahroudi , Viacheslav Komisarenko , Meelis Kull

The approach for testing equal predictive accuracy for pairs of forecasting models proposed by Giacomini and White (2006) assumes that the parameters of the underlying forecasting models are estimated using a rolling window of fixed width…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-22 Yinchu Zhu , Allan Timmermann

The problem of combining individual forecasters to produce a forecaster with improved performance is considered. The connections between probability elicitation and classification are used to pose the combining forecaster problem as that of…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-07-11 Hamed Masnadi-Shirazi

Loss functions are widely used to compare several competing forecasts. However, forecast comparisons are often based on mismeasured proxy variables for the true target. We introduce the concept of exact robustness to measurement error for…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-06-22 Yannick Hoga , Timo Dimitriadis

Scoring rules measure the deviation between a probabilistic forecast and reality. Strictly proper scoring rules have the property that for any forecast, the mathematical expectation of the score of a forecast p by the lights of p is…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-09-28 Alexander R. Pruss

The Fractions Skill Score (FSS) is a widely used metric for assessing forecast skill, with applications ranging from precipitation to volcanic ash forecasts. By evaluating the fraction of grid squares exceeding a threshold in a…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Bobby Antonio , Laurence Aitchison

Demand forecasting is a central component of the replenishment process for retailers, as it provides crucial input for subsequent decision making like ordering processes. In contrast to point estimates, such as the conditional mean of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-23 F. Wick , U. Kerzel , M. Hahn , M. Wolf , T. Singhal , D. Stemmer , J. Ernst , M. Feindt

We propose a holistic framework for constructing sensitivity measures for any elicitable functional $T$ of a response variable. The sensitivity measures, termed score-based sensitivities, are constructed via scoring functions that are…

Applications · Statistics 2023-02-03 Tobias Fissler , Silvana M. Pesenti

Prediction is critical for decision-making under uncertainty and lends validity to statistical inference. With targeted prediction, the goal is to optimize predictions for specific decision tasks of interest, which we represent via…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-18 Daniel R. Kowal

Forecasting and forecast evaluation are inherently sequential tasks. Predictions are often issued on a regular basis, such as every hour, day, or month, and their quality is monitored continuously. However, the classical statistical tools…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-07-04 Sebastian Arnold , Alexander Henzi , Johanna F. Ziegel