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The averaged null energy condition has been recently shown to hold for linear quantum fields in a large class of spacetimes. Nevertheless, it is easy to show by using a simple scaling argument that ANEC as stated cannot hold generically in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-12-30 Ulvi Yurtsever

Quantum fields can notoriously violate the null energy condition (NEC). In a cosmological context, NEC violation can lead to, e.g., dark energy at late times with an equation-of-state parameter smaller than $-1$ and nonsingular bounces at…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-07-01 Elly Moghtaderi , Brayden R. Hull , Jerome Quintin , Ghazal Geshnizjani

We argue that many future-eternal inflating spacetimes are likely to violate the weak energy condition. It is possible that such spacetimes may not enforce any of the known averaged conditions either. If this is indeed the case, it may open…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-30 Arvind Borde , Alex Vilenkin

We establish the relationship between the space-time structure of regular spherically-symmetrical black holes and the character of violation of the strong energy condition (SEC). It is shown that it is violated in any static region under…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-20 O. B. Zaslavskii

The stress energy tensor for the classical non-minimally coupled scalar field is known not to satisfy the point-wise energy conditions of general relativity. In this paper we show, however, that local averages of the classical stress energy…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Christopher J. Fewster , Lutz W. Osterbrink

We point out that theories of cosmological acceleration which have equation of state, w, such that 1+w is small but positive may still secretly violate the null energy condition. This violation implies the existence of observers for whom…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2013-03-05 Ignacy Sawicki , Alexander Vikman

Wormhole and time machine are very interesting objects in general relativity. However, they need exotic matters which are impossible in classical level to support them. But if we introduce the quantum effects of gravity into the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-04-30 Li-Fang Li , Jian-Yang Zhu

We consider averaged null energy conditions (ANEC) for strongly coupled quantum field theories in even (two and four) dimensional curved spacetimes by applying the no-bulk-shortcut principle in the context of the AdS/CFT duality. In the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2020-12-02 Norihiro Iizuka , Akihiro Ishibashi , Kengo Maeda

We calculate the stress-energy tensor for a scalar field with general curvature coupling, outside a perfectly reflecting sphere with Dirichlet boundary conditions. For conformal coupling we find that the null energy condition is always…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-11-11 Delia Schwartz-Perlov , Ken D. Olum

We examine the achronal averaged null energy condition~(ANEC) for a class of conformal field theories~(CFT) at strong coupling in curved spacetime. By applying the AdS/CFT duality, we find holographic models which violate the achronal ANEC…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2019-09-11 Akihiro Ishibashi , Kengo Maeda , Eric Mefford

Recently, a de-Sitter epoch has been found in the new model of loop quantum cosmology which is governed by the scalar constraint with both of Euclidean and Lorentz terms. The singularity free bounce in the new LQC model and the emergent…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-08-30 Gaoping Long , Yunlong Liu , Xiangdong Zhang

The expected stress-energy tensor <T_{ab}> of quantum fields generically violates the local positive energy conditions of general relativity. However, <T_{ab}> may satisfy some nonlocal conditions such as the averaged null energy condition…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Eanna Flanagan , Robert Wald

The stress-energy tensor for the non-minimally coupled scalar field is known not to satisfy the pointwise energy conditions, even on the classical level. We show, however, that local averages of the classical stress-energy tensor satisfy…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Lutz W. Osterbrink

We construct a particular class of quantum states for a massless, minimally coupled free scalar field which are of the form of a superposition of the vacuum and multi-mode two-particle states. These states can exhibit local negative energy…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-07 L. H. Ford , Adam D. Helfer , Thomas A. Roman

Quantum inequalities are constraints on how negative the weighted average of the renormalized stress-energy tensor of a quantum field can be. A null-projected quantum inequality can be used to prove the averaged null energy condition…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-12-16 Eleni-Alexandra Kontou , Ken D. Olum

We show analytically that the vacuum electromagnetic stress-energy tensor outside a ball with constant dielectric constant and permeability always obeys the weak, null, dominant, and strong energy conditions. There are still no known…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-10 Noah Graham , Ken D. Olum , Delia Schwartz-Perlov

We propose a new bound on the average null energy along a finite portion of a null geodesic. We believe our bound is valid on scales small compared to the radius of curvature in any quantum field theory that is consistently coupled to…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-04-20 Ben Freivogel , Dimitrios Krommydas

In loop quantum cosmology nonperturbative modification to a scalar matter field at short scales implies inflation which also means a violation of the strong energy condition. In the framework of effective Hamiltonian we discuss the issue of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-10-27 Hua-Hui Xiong , Jian-Yang Zhu

We establish a new no-go theorem for cosmology: spatially flat ($k=0$) and open ($k=-1$) Friedmann--Robertson--Walker (FRW) non-static spacetimes cannot be simultaneously nonsingular, geodesically complete, and consistent with the averaged…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-04-27 Nathan L. Burwig , Damien A. Easson

Traversable wormholes necessarily require violations of the averaged null energy condition; this being the definition of ``exotic matter''. However, the theorems which guarantee the energy condition violation are remarkably silent when it…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-07-18 Matt Visser , Sayan Kar , Naresh Dadhich