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In this paper we propose a new framework for analyzing the performance of preprocessing algorithms. Our framework builds on the notion of kernelization from parameterized complexity. However, as opposed to the original notion of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-11-07 Daniel Lokshtanov , Fahad Panolan , M. S. Ramanujan , Saket Saurabh

A kernelization for a parameterized decision problem $\mathcal{Q}$ is a polynomial-time preprocessing algorithm that reduces any parameterized instance $(x,k)$ into an instance $(x',k')$ whose size is bounded by a function of $k$ alone and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-09 Bart M. P. Jansen , Bart van der Steenhoven

Kernelization---a mathematical key concept for provably effective polynomial-time preprocessing of NP-hard problems---plays a central role in parameterized complexity and has triggered an extensive line of research. This is in part due to a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-08-28 Henning Fernau , Till Fluschnik , Danny Hermelin , Andreas Krebs , Hendrik Molter , Rolf Niedermeier

A kernelization algorithm for a computational problem is a procedure which compresses an instance into an equivalent instance whose size is bounded with respect to a complexity parameter. For the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Victor Lagerkvist , Magnus Wahlström

Kernelization algorithms are polynomial-time reductions from a problem to itself that guarantee their output to have a size not exceeding some bound. For example, d-Set Matching for integers d>2 is the problem of finding a matching of size…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-12-10 Holger Dell , Dániel Marx

In parameterized algorithmics, the process of kernelization is defined as a polynomial time algorithm that transforms the instance of a given problem to an equivalent instance of a size that is limited by a function of the parameter. As,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Jouke Witteveen , Ralph Bottesch , Leen Torenvliet

Integer linear programs (ILPs) are a widely applied framework for dealing with combinatorial problems that arise in practice. It is known, e.g., by the success of CPLEX, that preprocessing and simplification can greatly speed up the process…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-02-18 Stefan Kratsch

Kernelization is the standard framework to analyze preprocessing routines mathematically. Here, in terms of efficiency, we demand the preprocessing routine to run in time polynomial in the input size. However, today, various NP-complete…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Hendrik Molter , Meirav Zehavi

In a parameterized problem, every instance I comes with a positive integer k. The problem is said to admit a polynomial kernel if, in polynomial time, one can reduce the size of the instance I to a polynomial in k, while preserving the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-09-26 Hans L. Bodlaender , Fedor V. Fomin , Daniel Lokshtanov , Eelko Penninkx , Saket Saurabh , Dimitrios M. Thilikos

The notion of a (polynomial) kernelization from parameterized complexity is a well-studied model for efficient preprocessing for hard computational problems. By now, it is quite well understood which parameterized problems do or…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Leonid Antipov , Stefan Kratsch

Kernelization is an important tool in parameterized algorithmics. Given an input instance accompanied by a parameter, the goal is to compute in polynomial time an equivalent instance of the same problem such that the size of the reduced…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Till Fluschnik , George B. Mertzios , André Nichterlein

The field of kernelization studies polynomial-time preprocessing routines for hard problems in the framework of parameterized complexity. Although a framework for proving kernelization lower bounds has been discovered in 2008 and…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-11-03 Marek Cygan , Stefan Kratsch , Marcin Pilipczuk , Michał Pilipczuk , Magnus Wahlström

This paper focuses on kernelization algorithms for the fundamental Knapsack problem. A kernelization algorithm (or kernel) is a polynomial-time reduction from a problem onto itself, where the output size is bounded by a function of some…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Klaus Heeger , Danny Hermelin , Matthias Mnich , Dvir Shabtay

The notion of treewidth plays an important role in theoretical and practical studies of graph problems. It has been recognized that, especially in practical environments, when computing the treewidth of a graph it is invaluable to first…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Hans L. Bodlaender , Bart M. P. Jansen , Stefan Kratsch

Kernelization is a formalization of efficient preprocessing for NP-hard problems using the framework of parameterized complexity. Among open problems in kernelization it has been asked many times whether there are deterministic polynomial…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-07-14 Michael Etscheid , Stefan Kratsch , Matthias Mnich , Heiko Röglin

The propositional planning problem is a notoriously difficult computational problem. Downey et al. (1999) initiated the parameterized analysis of planning (with plan length as the parameter) and B\"ackstr\"om et al. (2012) picked up this…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2013-07-16 Christer Bäckström , Peter Jonsson , Sebastian Ordyniak , Stefan Szeider

An enumeration kernel as defined by Creignou et al. [Theory Comput. Syst. 2017] for a parameterized enumeration problem consists of an algorithm that transforms each instance into one whose size is bounded by the parameter plus a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Petr A. Golovach , Christian Komusiewicz , Dieter Kratsch , Van Bang Le

A kernelization is an efficient algorithm that given an instance of a parameterized problem returns an equivalent instance of size bounded by some function of the input parameter value. It is quite well understood which problems do or…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Leonid Antipov , Stefan Kratsch

In this work, we study the $k$-median clustering problem with an additional equal-size constraint on the clusters, from the perspective of parameterized preprocessing. Our main result is the first lossy ($2$-approximate) polynomial kernel…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-07-16 Sayan Bandyapadhyay , Fedor V. Fomin , Petr A. Golovach , Nidhi Purohit , Kirill Simonov

The Workflow Satisfiability Problem (WSP) is a problem of practical interest that arises whenever tasks need to be performed by authorized users, subject to constraints defined by business rules. We are required to decide whether there…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-09-26 Gregory Gutin , Stefan Kratsch , Magnus Wahlström
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