Related papers: Revisiting Fermat's Factorization for the RSA Modu…

In the RSA cryptosystem integers of the form n=p.q with p and q primes of comparable size (`RSA-integers') play an important role. It is a folklore result of cryptographers that C_r(x), the number of integers n<=x that are of the form n=pq…

The security of messages encoded via the widely used RSA public key encryption system rests on the enormous computational effort required to find the prime factors of a large number N using classical (i.e., conventional) computers. In 1994,…

Shor's factoring algorithm (SFA), by its ability to efficiently factor large numbers, has the potential to undermine contemporary encryption. At its heart is a process called order finding, which quantum mechanics lets us perform…

We introduce a new deterministic factoring algorithm, which could be described in the cryptographically fashionable term of "factoring with hints": we show that, given the knowledge of the factorisations of $O(N^{1/3+\epsilon})$ terms…

We give algorithms to factorize large integers in the duality computer. We provide three duality algorithms for factorization based on a naive factorization method, the Shor algorithm in quantum computing, and the Fermat's method in…

The RSA cryptosystem, which relies on the computational difficulty of prime factorization, faces growing challenges with the advancement of quantum computing. In this study, we propose a quantum annealing based approach to integer…

Integer factorization is a fundamental problem in algorithmic number theory and computer science. It is considered as a one way or trapdoor function in the (RSA) cryptosystem. To date, from elementary trial division to sophisticated methods…

Let $n = \mathrm{p}\!\cdot\!\mathrm{q}$ (p < q) and $\Delta = \lvert p-q \rvert$, where p,q are odd integers, then, it is hypothesized that factorizing this composite n will take O(1) time once the steady state value is reached for any…

In this paper we give a polynomial time algorithm to compute $\varphi(N)$ for an RSA module $N$ using as input the order modulo $N$ of a randomly chosen integer. This provides a new insight in the very important problem of factoring an RSA…

Quantum algorithms are at the heart of the ongoing efforts to use quantum mechanics to solve computational problems unsolvable on ordinary classical computers. Their common feature is the use of genuine quantum properties such as…

We present a compact quantum circuit for factoring a large class of integers, including some whose classical hardness is expected to be equivalent to RSA (but not including RSA integers themselves). Most notably, we factor $n$-bit integers…

The integer factorization problem (IFP) underpins the security of RSA, yet becomes efficiently solvable on a quantum computer through Shor's algorithm. Regev's recent high-dimensional variant reduces the circuit size through lattice-based…

In 1640 Pierre de Fermat discovered his theorem that if $p$ is prime and $a$ is not divisible by $p$, then $a^{p-1}-1$ is divisible by $p$; or, as we write today, $a^{p-1}\equiv1\pmod{p}$. This is perhaps the first and the most important…

Many variants of RSA cryptosystem exist in the literature. One of them is RSA over polynomials based on Galois approach. In standard RSA modulus is product of two large primes whereas in the Galois approach author considered the modulus as…

Classical public-key cryptography standards rely on the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) encryption protocol. The security of this protocol is based on the exponential computational complexity of the most efficient classical algorithms for…

Let $\Bbb F_q$ be a finite field with $q$ elements. Let $n$ be a positive integer with radical $rad(n)$, namely, the product of distinct prime divisors of $n$. If the order of $q$ modulo $rad(n)$ is either 1 or a prime, then the irreducible…

Prime factorization has been a buzzing topic in the field of number theory since time unknown. However, in recent years, alternative avenues to tackle this problem are being explored by researchers because of its direct application in the…

RSA cryptography is still widely used. Some of its applications (e.g., distributed signature schemes, cryptosystems) do not allow the RSA modulus to be generated by a centralized trusted entity. Instead, the factorization must remain…

To factor an integer N, given that it is equal to the product of two primes, it suffices to find an integer d satisfying a certain simple numerical test. In this approach, the factorization problem equates to the problem of designing an…

For a real parameter $r$, the RSA integers are integers which can be written as the product of two primes $pq$ with $p<q\leq rp$, which are named after the importance of products of two primes in the RSA-cryptography. Several authors…