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Training Large Language Models (LLMs) with Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) encounters a significant challenge: models often fail to produce accurate responses, particularly in small-scale architectures. This limitation not only…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Fu Chen , Peng Wang , Xiyin Li , Wen Li , Shichi Lei , Dongdong Xiang

LLM-enabled applications are rapidly reshaping the software ecosystem by using large language models as core reasoning components for complex task execution. This paradigm shift, however, introduces fundamentally new reliability challenges…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yedi Zhang , Haoyu Wang , Xianglin Yang , Jin Song Dong , Jun Sun

In this paper, we present our experience based on a reengineering project. The software project is to re-engineer the original system of a company to answer the new requirements and changed business functions. Reengineering is a process…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-06-20 Waraporn Jirapanthong

Prompt engineering is an increasingly important skill set needed to converse effectively with large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT. Prompts are instructions given to an LLM to enforce rules, automate processes, and ensure specific…

Software product lines have recently been presented as one of the best promising improvements for the efficient software development. Different research works contribute supportive parameters and negotiations regarding the problems of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Furrakh Shahzad , Maruf Pasha , Urooj Pasha , Bushra Majeed , Khurram Shahzad

Combinatorial evolution - the creation of new things through the combination of existing things - can be a powerful way to evolve rather than design technical objects such as electronic circuits. Intriguingly, this seems to be an ongoing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Sebastian Fix , Thomas Probst , Oliver Ruggli , Thomas Hanne , Patrik Christen

Large language models (LLMs) show an innate skill for solving language based tasks. But insights have suggested an inability to adjust for information or task-solving skills becoming outdated, as their knowledge, stored directly within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Sarath Chandar

Software Product Lines SPL are recognized as a successful approach to reuse in software development.Its purpose is to reduce production costs. This approach allows products to be different with respect of particular characteristics and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Sami Ouali

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly popular, powering a wide range of applications. Their widespread use has sparked concerns, especially through jailbreak attacks that bypass safety measures to produce harmful content. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Zhengchun Shang , Wenlan Wei , Weiheng Bai

The development and deployment of machine learning (ML) systems can be executed easily with modern tools, but the process is typically rushed and means-to-an-end. The lack of diligence can lead to technical debt, scope creep and misaligned…

As complex software and systems development projects need models as an important planning, structuring and development technique, models now face issues resolved for software earlier: models need to be versioned, differences captured,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-09-09 Tihamer Levendovszky , Bernhard Rumpe , Bernhard Schätz , Jonathan Sprinkle

OpenClaw-like agents offer substantial productivity benefits, yet they are insecure by default because they combine untrusted inputs, autonomous action, extensibility, and privileged system access within a single execution loop. We use…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Zongwei Li , Wenkai Li , Xiaoqi Li

Software product lines (SPL) have emerged as a pivotal paradigm in software engineering, enabling the efficient development of variant-rich software systems. Consistently updating these systems, often through over-the-air updates, enables…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Johannes Stümpfle , Nasser Jazdi , Michael Weyrich

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved record adoption in a short period of time across many different sectors including high importance areas such as education [4] and healthcare [23]. LLMs are open-ended models trained on diverse data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Herve Debar , Sven Dietrich , Pavel Laskov , Emil C. Lupu , Eirini Ntoutsi

Software engineers use code-fluent large language models (LLMs) to help explain unfamiliar code, yet LLM explanations are not adapted to engineers' diverse problem-solving needs. We prompted an LLM to adapt to five problem-solving style…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Andrew Anderson , David Piorkowski , Margaret Burnett , Justin Weisz

Traditional compilers, designed for optimizing low-level code, fall short when dealing with modern, computation-heavy applications like image processing, machine learning, or numerical simulations. Optimizations should understand the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Roland Leißa , Marcel Ulrich , Joachim Meyer , Sebastian Hack

Software Product Line Engineering has attracted attention in the last two decades due to its promising capabilities to reduce costs and time to market through reuse of requirements and components. In practice, developing system level…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-01-08 Mole Li , Alan Grigg , Charles Dickerson , Lin Guan , Siyuan Ji

"Evolution behaves like a tinkerer" (Francois Jacob, Science, 1977). Software systems provide a unique opportunity to understand biological processes using concepts from network theory. The Debian GNU/Linux operating system allows us to…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2015-06-03 Miguel A. Fortuna , Juan A. Bonachela , Simon A. Levin

From a software design perspective, a clear definition of design can enhance project success and development productivity. Even though the focus is on software engineering, in this paper, we view the notion of design from the wider point of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-16 Sabah Al-Fedaghi

Software Product Lines are large-scale, multi-unit systems that enable massive, customized production. They consist of a base of reusable artifacts and points of variation that provide the system with flexibility, allowing generating…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Zineb Mcharfi , Bouchra El Asri , Abdelaziz Kriouile