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We prove that conflict-driven clause learning SAT-solvers with the ordered decision strategy and the DECISION learning scheme are equivalent to ordered resolution. We also prove that, by replacing this learning scheme with its opposite that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Nathan Mull , Shuo Pang , Alexander Razborov

The Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT), as the prototypical $\mathsf{NP}$-complete problem, is crucial in both theoretical computer science and practical applications. To address this problem, stochastic local search (SLS) algorithms,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Maximilian J. Kramer , Paul Boes , Jens Eisert

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solving underpins a wide range of applications in Electronic Design Automation (EDA), particularly formal verification. However, this paper observes that the mainstream clause reduction heuristic in modern SAT…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Yalun Cai , Xindi Zhang , Zhengyuan Shi , Mengxia Tao , Qiang Xu

Although state-of-the-art (SOTA) SAT solvers based on conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) have achieved remarkable engineering success, their sequential nature limits the parallelism that may be extracted for acceleration on platforms…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Yunuo Cen , Zhiwei Zhang , Xuanyao Fong

This paper defines the (first-order) conflict resolution calculus: an extension of the resolution calculus inspired by techniques used in modern SAT-solvers. The resolution inference is restricted to (first-order) unit-propagation and the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-02-16 John Slaney , Bruno Woltzenlogel Paleo

CDCL-based SAT solvers have transformed the field of automated reasoning owing to their demonstrated efficiency at handling problems arising from diverse domains. The success of CDCL solvers is owed to the design of clever heuristics that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Arijit Shaw , Kuldeep S. Meel

It is well known that different solution strategies work well for different types of instances of hard combinatorial problems. As a consequence, most solvers for the propositional satisfiability problem (SAT) expose parameters that allow…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-03 Frank Hutter , Marius Lindauer , Adrian Balint , Sam Bayless , Holger Hoos , Kevin Leyton-Brown

Parallel SAT solvers are becoming mainstream. Their performance has made them win the past two SAT competitions consecutively and are in the limelight of research and industry. The problem is that it is not known exactly what is needed to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2013-09-13 Roberto Asín , Juan Olate , Leo Ferres

Power side-channel attacks on AES exploit data-dependent physical leakage to recover secret keys, but turning noisy leakage observations into a verified AES-128 key remains a hard combinational search problem. SAT-assisted power…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Walid El Maouaki , Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Shafique

The Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) problem, a variant of the Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) problem, plays a critical role in integrated circuit design and verification. However, existing SAT solvers, optimized for Conjunctive Normal Form…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zhengyuan Shi , Tiebing Tang , Jiaying Zhu , Sadaf Khan , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Zhufei Chu , Qiang Xu

The past three decades have witnessed notable success in designing efficient SAT solvers, with modern solvers capable of solving industrial benchmarks containing millions of variables in just a few seconds. The success of modern SAT solvers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Jiong Yang , Arijit Shaw , Teodora Baluta , Mate Soos , Kuldeep S. Meel

We present a new extended resolution clause learning (ERCL) algorithm, implemented as part of a conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) SAT solver, wherein new variables are dynamically introduced as definitions for {\it Dual Implication…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Sam Buss , Jonathan Chung , Vijay Ganesh , Albert Oliveras

We study local-search satisfiability solvers for propositional logic extended with cardinality atoms, that is, expressions that provide explicit ways to model constraints on cardinalities of sets. Adding cardinality atoms to the language of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Lengning Liu , Miroslaw Truszczynski

Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) refers to the problem of deciding the satisfiability of a formula with respect to certain background first order theories. In this paper, we focus on Satisfiablity Modulo Integer Arithmetic, which is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Shaowei Cai , Bohan Li , Xindi Zhang

We previously designed Partial Order Conflict Driven Clause Learning (PO-CDCL), a variation of the satisfiability solving CDCL algorithm with a partial order on decision levels, and showed that it can speed up the solving on problems with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-01 Anthony Monnet , Roger Villemaire

The Boolean Satisfiability problem (SAT) is important on artificial intelligence community and the impact of its solving on complex problems. Recently, great breakthroughs have been made respectively on stochastic local search (SLS)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Huimin Fu , Yang Xu , Jun Liu , Guanfeng Wu , Sutcliffe Geoff

Stochastic local search (SLS) has been an active field of research in the last few years, with new techniques and procedures being developed at an astonishing rate. SLS has been traditionally associated with satisfiability solving, that is,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-10-08 David Pereira , Inês Lynce , Steven Prestwich

Over the years complexity theorists have proposed many structural parameters to explain the surprising efficiency of conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) SAT solvers on a wide variety of large industrial Boolean instances. While some of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-28 Edward Zulkoski , Ruben Martins , Christoph Wintersteiger , Robert Robere , Jia Liang , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Vijay Ganesh

All-Solution Satisfiability (AllSAT) and its extension, All-Solution Satisfiability Modulo Theories (AllSMT), have become more relevant in recent years, mainly in formal verification and artificial intelligence applications. The goal of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Giuseppe Spallitta , Roberto Sebastiani , Armin Biere

Current implementations of pseudo-Boolean (PB) solvers working on native PB constraints are based on the CDCL architecture which empowers highly efficient modern SAT solvers. In particular, such PB solvers not only implement a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Daniel Le Berre , Romain Wallon