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I review basic observational features in Population I stars which strongly implicate rotation as a mixing agent; these include dispersion at fixed temperature in coeval populations and main sequence lithium depletion for a range of masses…
Any distortion of a chemical structure causes new features to appear in the absorption spectrum of the structure, especially in the visible and near UV (see Paper I). Chemical modeling, using molecular orbital theory, showed that the…
Cosmic rays (CRs) in the Galaxy are an important dynamical component of the interstellar medium (ISM) that interact with the other major components (interstellar magnetic and radiation fields, and gas) to produce broadband interstellar…
We develop a model for the metal enrichment of the intracluster medium (ICM) that combines a cosmological non-radiative hydrodynamical N-Body/SPH simulation of a cluster of galaxies, and a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation. The novel…
Cool, evolved stars are the main source of chemical enrichment of the interstellar medium (ISM), and understanding their mass loss and structure offers a unique opportunity to study the cycle of matter in the Universe. Pulsation,…
Chemical abundances and abundance ratios measured in galaxies provide precious information about the mechanisms, modes and time scales of the assembly of cosmic structures. Yet, the nucleogenesis and chemical evolution of elements heavier…
High-resolution JWST-MIRI images now allow us to resolve in great detail the multi-scale nature of the emission in nearby star-forming galaxies, from compact star-forming regions to large-scale diffuse emission, giving new insights into…
This review describes the evidence for small-scale structure, `clumping', in the radiation line-driven winds of hot, massive stars. In particular, we focus on examining to what extent simulations of the strong instability inherent to…
The C$^{+}$ ion is an important coolant of interstellar gas, and so the [CII] fine structure line is frequently observed in the interstellar medium. However, the physical and chemical properties of the [CII]-emitting gas are still unclear.…
Diffusive Radiation is a new type of radiation predicted to occur in randomly inhomogeneous media due to the multiple scattering of pseudophotons. This theoretical effect is now observed experimentally. The radiation is generated by the…
y-type spectral distortions of the cosmic microwave background allow us to detect clusters and groups of galaxies, filaments of hot gas and the non-uniformities in the warm hot intergalactic medium. Several CMB experiments (on small areas…
In cold molecular clouds submillimetre emission lines are excited by the ambient radiation field. The pumping is dominated by the cosmic microwave background (CMB). It is usual in molecular line radiative transfer modelling to simply assume…
High rates of stable mass transfer (MT) occur for some binary star systems, resulting in luminous transients and circumbinary outflows (CBOs). We perform hydrodynamical simulations of a $10 \ M_\odot$ donor star and a $5\ M_\odot$ point…
The measurement of isotopic ratios provides a privileged insight both into nucleosynthesis and into the mechanisms operating in stellar envelopes, such as gravitational settling. In this article, we give a few examples of how isotopic…
Interplanetary dust (IPD) scatters solar radiation which results in the zodiacal light that dominates the celestial diffuse brightness at optical and near-infrared wavelengths. Both asteroid collisions and cometary ejections produce the…
Recent high angular resolution observations of protoplanetary disks at different wavelengths have revealed several kinds of structures, including multiple bright and dark rings. Embedded planets are the most used explanation for such…
Molecular clouds are complex magnetized structures, with variations over a broad range of length scales. Ionization in dense, shielded clumps and cores of molecular clouds is thought to be caused by charged cosmic rays (CRs). These CRs can…
It has been known for several decades that transport of chemical elements is induced by the process of microscopic atomic diffusion. Yet, the effect of atomic diffusion, including radiative levitation, has hardly been studied in the context…
We present initial attempts to include the multi-dimensional nature of radiation transport in hydrodynamical simulations of the small-scale structure that arises from the line-driven instability in hot-star winds. Compared to previous 1D or…
Freely oriented small anisotropic grains and molecules depolarize radiation both in single scattering and in the process of multiple scattering. Especially large depolarization occurs for resonant scattering corresponding to the electron…