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We present a source of entangled photons that violates a Bell inequality free of the "fair-sampling" assumption, by over 7 standard deviations. This violation is the first experiment with photons to close the detection loophole, and we…

We present a generic study on the information-theoretic security of multi-setting device-independent quantum key distribution protocols, i.e., ones that involve more than two measurements (or inputs) for each party to perform, and yield…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-12 Hong-Yi Su

We have constructed and run a Bell test of local realism focusing on the objectivity criterion. The objectivity means that the outcomes are confirmed macroscopically by a few observers at each party. The IBM Quantum and IonQ devices turn…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-27 Adam Bednorz , Josep Batle , Tomasz Białecki , Jarosław K. Korbicz

An experimental test of Bell's inequality allows ruling out any local-realistic description of nature by measuring correlations between distant systems. While such tests are conceptually simple, there are strict requirements concerning the…

Loophole-free Bell tests for quantum nonlocality and long-distance secure communication require photodetection efficiencies beyond a threshold eta_{crit} that depends on the Bell inequality and the noise affecting the entangled state…

We provide a detailed analysis of the recently proposed setup for a loophole-free test of Bell inequality using conditionally generated non-Gaussian states of light and balanced homodyning. In the proposed scheme, a two-mode squeezed vacuum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 R. Garcia-Patron , J. Fiurasek , N. J. Cerf

The establishment of nonlocal correlations, obtained through the violation of a Bell inequality, is not only important from a fundamental point of view, but constitutes the basis for device-independent quantum information technologies.…

According to recent reports, the last loopholes in testing Bell's inequality are closed. It is argued that the really important task in this field has not been tackled yet and that the leading experiments claiming to close locality and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 L. Vaidman

We review the status of Bell's inequalities in quantum information, stressing mainly the links with quantum key distribution and distillation of entanglement. We also prove that for all the eavesdropping attacks using one qubit, and for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Antonio Acin , Nicolas Gisin , Lluis Masanes , Valerio Scarani

We prove that the threshold detection efficiency for a loophole-free Bell experiment using an $n$-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state and the correlations appearing in the $n$-partite Mermin inequality is $n/(2n-2)$. If the detection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-28 Adan Cabello , David Rodriguez , Ignacio Villanueva

When separated measurements on entangled quantum systems are performed, the theory predicts correlations that cannot be explained by any classical mechanism: communication is excluded because the signal should travel faster than light;…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-11 Daniel Cavalcanti , Nicolas Brunner , Paul Skrzypczyk , Alejo Salles , Valerio Scarani

Imperfect detection efficiency remains one of the major obstacles in achieving loophole-free Bell tests over long distances. At the same time, the challenge of establishing a common reference frame for measurements becomes more pronounced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-21 Paweł Cieśliński , Tamás Vértesi , Mateusz Kowalczyk , Wiesław Laskowski

Optical quantum information processing critically relies on Bell-state measurement, a ubiquitous operation for quantum communication and computing. Its practical realization involves the interference of optical modes and the detection of a…

By amplifying photonic qubits it is possible to produce states that contain enough photons to be seen with a human eye, potentially bringing quantum effects to macroscopic scales [1]. In this paper we theoretically study quantum states…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 Pavel Sekatski , Bruno Sanguinetti , Enrico Pomarico , Nicolas Gisin , Christoph Simon

We put bounds on the minimum detection efficiency necessary to violate local realism in Bell experiments. These bounds depends of simple parameters like the number of measurement settings or the dimensionality of the entangled quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-10-22 Serge Massar , Stefano Pironio

We show that a Bell inequality test using an optical hybrid state between a polarized single photon and a coherent field can be highly robust against detection inefficiency. The Bell violation occurs until the efficiency becomes as low as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-11 Hyukjoon Kwon , Hyunseok Jeong

We propose a new method for detecting entanglement of two qubits and discuss its relation with the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) Bell inequality. Without the need for full quantum tomography for the density matrix we can experimentally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Kai Chen , Ling-An Wu

The security analysis of quantum key distribution is difficult to perform when there is efficiency mismatch between various threshold detectors involved in an experimental setup. Even the verification that the device actually performs in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-01 Yanbao Zhang , Norbert Lutkenhaus

Quantum steering allows two parties to verify shared entanglement even if one measurement device is untrusted. A conclusive demonstration of steering through the violation of a steering inequality is of considerable fundamental interest and…

Experimental violations of Bell inequalities are in general vulnerable to so-called "loopholes." In this work, we analyse the characteristics of a loophole-free Bell test with photons, closing simultaneously the locality, freedom-of-choice,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-11 Johannes Kofler , Marissa Giustina , Jan-Åke Larsson , Morgan W. Mitchell