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We used N-body simulations to model the 4.5 Gyr orbital evolution of the early Kuiper Belt, incorporating a massive protoplanetary disk, the four giant planets, and 1500 primordial Pluto-class bodies ("Plutos") that drove Neptune's grainy…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-02-20 Patryk Sofia Lykawka , Jonathan Horner , Pedro Bernardinelli

A residual planetesimal disk of mass 10-100 Earth masses remained in the outer solar system following the birth of the giant planets, as implied by the existence of the Oort cloud, coagulation requirements for Pluto, and inefficiencies in…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Ruth A. Murray-Clay , Eugene I. Chiang

Context. The 98{\deg}-obliquity of Uranus is commonly attributed to giant impacts that occurred at the end of the planetary formation. This picture, however, is not devoid of weaknesses. Aims. On a billion-year timescale, the tidal…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-14 Melaine Saillenfest , Zeeve Rogoszinski , Giacomo Lari , Kevin Baillié , Gwenaël Boué , Aurélien Crida , Valéry Lainey

Neptune's dynamical history shaped the current orbits of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs), leaving clues to the planet's orbital evolution. In the "classical" region, a population of dynamically "hot" high-inclination KBOs overlies a flat "cold"…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2012-04-17 Rebekah I. Dawson , Ruth Murray-Clay

Studies of transiting Neptune-size planets orbiting close to nearby bright stars can inform theories of planet formation because mass and radius and therefore mean density can be accurately estimated and compared with interior models. The…

Stochastic impacts by large bodies are, at present, the usually accepted mechanisms able to account for the obliquity of the ice giants. We attempt to set constraints on giant impacts as the cause of Neptune's current obliquity in the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 M. Gabriela Parisi , Luciano del Valle

Natural satellite systems present a large variety of orbital configurations in the solar system. While some are clearly the result of known processes, others still have largely unexplained eccentricity and inclination values. Iapetus has a…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-11-28 William Polycarpe , Melaine Saillenfest , Valéry Lainey , Alain Vienne , Benoît Noyelles , Nicolas Rambaux

Context. The paths followed by the known extreme trans-Neptunian objects (ETNOs) effectively avoid direct gravitational perturbations from the four giant planets, yet their orbital eccentricities are in the range between 0.69-0.97. Solar…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-19 C. de la Fuente Marcos , R. de la Fuente Marcos

A migrating planet can capture planetesimals into mean motion resonances. However, resonant trapping can be prevented when the drift or migration rate is sufficiently high. Using a simple Hamiltonian system for first and second order…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Alice C. Quillen

The Neptunian satellite system is unusual. The major satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are all in prograde, low-inclination orbits. Neptune on the other hand, has the fewest satellites, and most of the system's mass is within one…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-11-07 Raluca Rufu , Robin M. Canup

Numerical simulations suggest that Neptune primordial co-orbitals may outnumber the equivalent population hosted by Jupiter, yet the objects remain elusive. Since the first discovery in 2001 just 10 minor planets have been identified as…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2013-05-28 C. de la Fuente Marcos , R. de la Fuente Marcos

Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) are small, icy bodies in the outer solar system. They are observed to have a complex orbital distribution that was shaped by the early dynamical history and migration of the giant planets. Comparisons between…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-05-09 Kathryn Volk , Renu Malhotra

We present a physically motivated model for the manner in which a stellar magnetic field sculpts the inner edge of a protoplanetary disk, and examine the consequence for the migration and stopping of sub-Neptune and super-Earth planets.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-06-14 Tze Yeung Mathew Yu , Brad Hansen , Yasuhiro Hasegawa

We assess the dynamical feasibility of redirecting small volatile-bearing trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) onto Mars-impacting orbits using continuous low-thrust propulsion and a single gravity-assist encounter. The study considers two…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-22 Ryszard Gabryszewski , Leszek Czechowski , Arkadiusz Hess

The orbital distribution of transneptunian objects (TNOs) in the distant Kuiper Belt (with semimajor axes beyond the 2:1 resonance, roughly $a$=50-100 au) provides constraints on the dynamical history of the outer solar system. Recent…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-10-27 Yukun Huang , Brett Gladman , Matthew Beaudoin , Kevin Zhang

We investigate the evolution of protoplanets with different masses embedded in an accretion disk, via global fully three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations. We consider a range of planetary masses extending from one and a half Earth's…

Astrophysics · Physics 2016-06-20 Gennaro D'Angelo , Willy Kley , Thomas Henning

Transit surveys indicate that there is a deficit of Neptune-sized planets on close-in orbits. If this ``Neptune desert' is entirely cleared out by atmospheric mass loss, then planets at its upper edge should only be marginally stable…

Since the Voyager fly-bys of Uranus and Neptune, improved gravity field data have been derived from long-term observations of the planets' satellite motions, and modified shape and solid-body rotation periods were suggested. A faster…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-05 N. Nettelmann , R. Helled , J. J. Fortney , R. Redmer

We present the discovery of a long-term stable L5 (trailing) Neptune Trojan in data acquired to search for candidate Trans-Neptunian objects for the New Horizons spacecraft to fly by during an extended post-Pluto mission. This Neptune…

The current populations trapped in Neptune's main mean motion resonances in the Kuiper belt, Plutinos in the 3:2 and Twotinos in the 2:1, contain some of the best-characterized minor objects in the Solar System, given their dynamical…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-28 Marco A. Muñoz-Gutiérrez , Sebastián Ramírez , Antonio Peimbert , Angeles Pérez-Villegas , Cristobal Petrovich