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We solve two open problems concerning syntactic complexity: We prove that the cardinality of the syntactic semigroup of a left ideal or a suffix-closed language with $n$ left quotients (that is, with state complexity $n$) is at most…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-07-04 Janusz Brzozowski , Marek Szykuła

We study ideal languages generated by a single word. We provide an algorithm to construct a strongly connected synchronizing automaton for which such a language serves as the language of synchronizing words. Also we present a compact…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-12 Vladimir V. Gusev , Marina I. Maslennikova , Elena V. Pribavkina

The state complexity, respectively, nondeterministic state complexity of a regular language $L$ is the number of states of the minimal deterministic, respectively, of a minimal nondeterministic finite automaton for $L$. Some of the most…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Arto Salomaa , Kai Salomaa , Taylor J. Smith

Descriptional complexity is the study of the conciseness of the various models representing formal languages. The state complexity of a regular language is the size, measured by the number of states of the smallest, either deterministic or…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-09-11 Yuan Gao , Nelma Moreira , Rogério Reis , Sheng Yu

The atoms of a regular language are non-empty intersections of complemented and uncomplemented quotients of the language. Tight upper bounds on the number of atoms of a language and on the quotient complexities of atoms are known. We…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-05-23 Janusz Brzozowski , Gareth Davies

This paper deals with the size complexity of minimal {\it two-way quantum finite automata} (2qfa's) necessary for operations to perform on all inputs of each fixed length. Such a complexity measure, known as state complexity of operations,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2008-07-04 Daowen Qiu

Minimizing the size of finite automata is a fundamental problem in theoretical computer science. Beyond standard minimization, further reductions can be achieved by decomposing an automaton into smaller components whose languages combine…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Mathias Berry , Pierre-Cyrille Héam , Ismaël Jecker

In the constrained synchronization problem we ask if a given automaton admits a synchronizing word coming from a fixed regular constraint language. We show that intersecting a given constraint language with an ideal language decreases the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-19 Stefan Hoffmann

Given a regular language $L$, we study the language of words $\mathsf{D}(L)$, that distinguish between pairs of different left-quotients of $L$. We characterize this distinguishability operation, show that its iteration has always a fixed…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-12-11 Cezar Câmpeanu , Nelma Moreira , Rogério Reis

We follow language theoretic approach to synchronizing automata and \v{C}ern\'{y}'s conjecture initiated in a series of recent papers. We find a precise lower bound for the reset complexity of a principal ideal languages. Also we show a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2014-12-23 Marina Maslennikova , Emanuele Rodaro

In this paper we consider the state complexity of an operation on formal languages, root(L). This naturally entails the discussion of the monoid of transformations of a finite set. We obtain good upper and lower bounds on the state…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Bryan Krawetz , John Lawrence , Jeffery Shallit

The automatic complexity of a finite word (string) is an analogue for finite automata of Sipser's distinguishing complexity (1983) and was introduced by Shallit and Wang (2001). For a finite alphabet $\Sigma$ of at least two elements, we…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Joey Chen , Bjørn Kjos-Hanssen , Ivan Koswara , Linus Richter , Frank Stephan

The state complexity of the result of a regular operation is often positively correlated with the number of distinct transformations induced by letters in the minimal deterministic finite automaton of the input languages. That is, more…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Sylvie Davies

We introduce a subclass of the commutative regular languages that is characterized by the property that the state set of the minimal deterministic automaton can be written as a certain Cartesian product. This class behaves much better with…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Stefan Hoffmann

We resolve an open question by determining matching (asymptotic) upper and lower bounds on the state complexity of the operation that sends a language L to (c(L*))*, where c() denotes complement.

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-03-27 Galina Jiraskova , Jeffrey Shallit

This paper studies the complexity of languages of finite words using automata theory. To go beyond the class of regular languages, we consider infinite automata and the notion of state complexity defined by Karp. Motivated by the seminal…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Nathanaël Fijalkow

In this paper we consider the computational complexity of the following problems: given a DFA or NFA representing a regular language L over a finite alphabet Sigma is the set of all prefixes (resp., suffixes, factors, subwords) of all words…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2009-07-03 N. Rampersad , J. Shallit , Z. Xu

We investigate the accepting state complexity of deterministic finite automata for regular languages obtained by applying one of the following operations to languages accepted by permutation automata: union, quotient, complement,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-01 Christian Rauch , Markus Holzer

In this thesis, we study the place of regular languages within the communication complexity setting. In particular, we are interested in the non-deterministic communication complexity of regular languages. We show that a regular language…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-02-01 Anil Ada

In this work we construct an automaton for the commutative closure of a given regular group language. The number of states of the resulting automaton is bounded by the number of states of the original automaton, raised to the power of the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Stefan Hoffmann