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Magic State Distillation is considered to be one of the promising methods for supplying the non-Clifford resources required to achieve universal fault tolerance. Conventional MSD protocols implemented in surface codes often require multiple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Shifan Xu , Kun Liu , Patrick Rall , Zhiyang He , Yongshan Ding

Non-local correlations are not only a fascinating feature of quantum theory, but an interesting resource for information processing, for instance in communication-complexity theory or cryptography. An important question in this context is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-10-17 Dejan D. Dukaric , Stefan Wolf

A set of stabilizer operations augmented by some special initial states known as 'magic states', gives the possibility of universal fault-tolerant quantum computation. However, magic state preparation inevitably involves nonideal operations…

Notions of nonstabilizerness, or "magic", quantify how non-classical quantum states are in a precise sense: states exhibiting low nonstabilizerness preclude quantum advantage. We introduce 'pseudomagic' ensembles of quantum states that,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-31 Andi Gu , Lorenzo Leone , Soumik Ghosh , Jens Eisert , Susanne Yelin , Yihui Quek

The leading approach to fault tolerant quantum computing requires a continual supply of magic states. When a new magic state is first encoded, its initial fidelity will be too poor for use in the computation. This necessitates a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-24 Ying Li

In the seminal paper [Metger and Vidick, Quantum '21], they proposed a computational self-testing protocol for Bell states in a single quantum device. Their protocol relies on the fact that the target states are stabilizer states, and hence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-20 Akihiro Mizutani , Yuki Takeuchi , Ryo Hiromasa , Yusuke Aikawa , Seiichiro Tani

Magic state distillation, a process for preparing magic states needed to implement non-Clifford gates fault-tolerantly, plays a crucial role in fault-tolerant quantum computation. Historically, it has been a major bottleneck, leading to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-04 Yutaka Hirano , Keisuke Fujii

In the realm of fault-tolerant quantum computing, stabilizer operations play a pivotal role, characterized by their remarkable efficiency in classical simulation. This efficiency sets them apart from non-stabilizer operations within the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Chengkai Zhu , Zhiping Liu , Chenghong Zhu , Xin Wang

Magic states are fundamental building blocks on the road to fault-tolerant quantum computing. CSS codes play a crucial role in the construction of magic distillation protocols. Previous work has cast quantum computing with magic states for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Rhea Alexander , Si Gvirtz-Chen , Nikolaos Koukoulekidis , David Jennings

Recent results on the non-universality of fault-tolerant gate sets underline the critical role of resource states, such as magic states, to power scalable, universal quantum computation. Here we develop a resource theory, analogous to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-16 Victor Veitch , Seyed Ali Hamed Mousavian , Daniel Gottesman , Joseph Emerson

Distilling highly entangled quantum states from weaker ones is a process that is crucial for efficient and long-distance quantum communication, and has implications for several other quantum information protocols. We introduce the notion of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-17 Tamoghna Das , Asutosh Kumar , Amit Kumar Pal , Namrata Shukla , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen

Magic is a property of quantum states that enables universal fault-tolerant quantum computing using simple sets of gate operations. Understanding the mechanisms by which magic is created or destroyed is, therefore, a crucial step towards…

We present bounds for distilling many copies of a pure state from an arbitrary initial state in a general quantum resource theory. Our bounds apply to operations that are able to generate no more than a $\delta$ amount of resource, where…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-11 Madhav Krishnan Vijayan , Eric Chitambar , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

Many proposals for fault-tolerant quantum computation require injection of 'magic states' to achieve a universal set of operations. Some qubit states are above a threshold fidelity, allowing them to be converted into magic states via 'magic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-24 Patrick Rall

In quantum computing, non-stabilizerness -- the magic -- refers to the computational advantage of certain quantum states over classical computers and is an essential ingredient for universal quantum computation. Employing the second order…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 Qiaofeng Liu , Ian Low , Zhewei Yin

Magic state distillation enables universal fault-tolerant quantum computation by implementing non-Clifford gates via the preparation of high-fidelity magic states. However, it comes at the cost of substantial logical-level overhead in both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Diego Ruiz , Jérémie Guillaud , Christophe Vuillot , Mazyar Mirrahimi

It has been conjectured [1] that for any distillation protocol for magic states for the $T$ gate, the number of noisy input magic states required per output magic state at output error rate $\epsilon$ is $\Omega(\log(1/\epsilon))$. We show…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 M. B. Hastings , J. Haah

An important open problem in quantum information theory is the question of the existence of NPT bound entanglement. In the past years, little progress has been made, mainly because of the lack of mathematical tools to address the problem.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Lieven Clarisse

Fault-tolerant implementation of non-Clifford gates is a major challenge for achieving universal fault-tolerant quantum computing with quantum error-correcting codes. Magic state distillation is the most well-studied method for this but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Seok-Hyung Lee , Felix Thomsen , Nicholas Fazio , Benjamin J. Brown , Stephen D. Bartlett

We present an infinite family of protocols to distill magic states for $T$-gates that has a low space overhead and uses an asymptotic number of input magic states to achieve a given target error that is conjectured to be optimal. The space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-04 Jeongwan Haah , Matthew B. Hastings , D. Poulin , D. Wecker