Related papers: A Molecular Mass Gradient is the Key Parameter of …
This note represents the further progress in understanding the determination of the genetic code by Golden mean (Rakocevic, 1998). Three classes of amino acids that follow from this determination (the 7 "golden" amino acids, 7 of their…
The algebraic structures of the genetic code are most important to obtain additional information about the semantic code and its applications. In this paper we define two dual Boolean codon lattices of the genetic code using hydrogen bond…
New analyses of the organization of the genetic code system together with their relation to the two classes of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are reported in this work. A closer inspection revealed how the enzymes and the 20 amino acids of the…
Information theoretic analysis of genetic languages indicates that the naturally occurring 20 amino acids and the triplet genetic code arose by duplication of 10 amino acids of class-II and a doublet genetic code having codons NNY and…
The present work is devoted to describe a set of rules explaining the discriminating versus non-discriminating behavior of the di-basic stages and to characterize the role of each base in determining such a behavior. Bases are analyze as…
Using the crystal basis model of the genetic code, a set of relations between the physical-chemical properties of the amino acids are derived and compared with the experimental data. A prevision for the not yet measured thermodynamical…
There is an intrinsic relationship between the molecular evolution in primordial period and the properties of genomes and proteomes of contemporary species. The genomic data may help us understand the driving force of evolution of life at…
The conception of multi-alphabetical genetics is represented. Matrix forms of the representation of the multi-level system of molecular-genetic alphabets have revealed algebraic properties of this system. These properties are connected with…
The genetic code maps the sixty-four nucleotide triplets (codons) to twenty amino-acids. Some argue that the specific form of the code with its twenty amino-acids might be a 'frozen accident' because of the overwhelming effects of any…
The genetic code refers to a rule that maps 64 codons to 20 amino acids. Nearly all organisms, with few exceptions, share the same genetic code, the standard genetic code (SGC). While it remains unclear why this universal code has arisen…
Biologists have long sought a way to explain how statistical properties of genetic sequences emerged and are maintained through evolution. On the one hand, non-random structures at different scales indicate a complex genome organisation. On…
Background/ Objectives: Resolving the origin of the genetic code is fundamental to understanding how life began its journey out of the chemical world. Since its deciphering some 60 years ago, there is still no general theory of the…
How robust is the natural genetic code with respect to mistranslation errors? It has long been known that the genetic code is very efficient in limiting the effect of point mutation. A misread codon will commonly code either for the same…
The importance of the notion of symmetry in physics is well established: could it also be the case for the genetic code? In this spirit, a model for the Genetic Code based on continuous symmetries and entitled the "Crystal Basis Model" has…
It is shown that there is a sense in splitting Genetic Code Table (GCT) into three parts using the harmonic mean, calculated by the formula H (a, b) = 2ab / (a + b), where a = 63 and b = 31.5. Within these three parts, the amino acids (AAs)…
Living organisms are the most complex, interesting and significant objects regarding all substructures of the universe. Life science is regarded as a science of the 21st century and one can expect great new discoveries in the near futures.…
All known terrestrial proteins are coded as continuous strings of ~20 amino acids. The patterns formed by the repetitions of elements in groups of finite sequences describes the natural architectures of protein families. We present a method…
An RNA molecule is structured on several layers. The primary and most obvious structure is its sequence of bases, i.e. a word over the alphabet {A,C,G,U}. The higher structure is a set of one-to-one base-pairings resulting in a…
Replication of DNA and synthesis of proteins are studied from the view-point of quantum database search. Identification of a base-pairing with a quantum query gives a natural (and first ever) explanation of why living organisms have 4…
The standard genetic code multiplet structure as well as the correct degeneracies, class by class, are all extracted from the (unique) number 23, the order of the permutation group of 23 objects.