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We study the Kato problem for degenerate divergence form operators. This was begun by Cruz-Uribe and Rios who proved that given an operator $L_w=-w^{-1}{\rm div}(A\nabla)$, where $w\in A_2$ and $A$ is a $w$-degenerate elliptic measure (i.e,…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2018-10-10 David Cruz-Uribe , José María Martell , Cristian Rios

We consider the Kato problem and extensions for degenerate elliptic operators of arbitrary order $2m$ ($m\geq 1$), whose coefficients are measurable, complex-valued and satisfy the G$\mathring{a}$rding inequality with respect to a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-11-07 Guoming Zhang

We give a simplified and direct proof of the Kato square root estimate for parabolic operators with elliptic part in divergence form and coefficients possibly depending on space and time in a merely measurable way. The argument relies on…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2022-09-23 Alireza Ataei , Moritz Egert , Kaj Nyström

We solve the Kato square root problem for parabolic operators of arbitrary order $2m$ whose coefficients are allowed to depend on both space and time in a merely measurable way and possess boundedness and ellipticity controlled by a…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-11-10 Guoming Zhang

Let $w$ be a Muckenhoupt $A_2(\mathbb{R}^n)$ weight and $L_w:=-w^{-1}\mathop\mathrm{div}(A\nabla)$ the degenerate elliptic operator on the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^n$, $n\geq 2$. In this article, the authors establish some weighted $L^p$…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2015-09-21 Dachun Yang , Junqiang Zhang

We prove a Kato square root estimate with anisotropically degenerate matrix coefficients. We do so by doing the harmonic analysis using an auxiliary Riemannian metric adapted to the operator. We also derive $L^2$-solvability estimates for…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Gianmarco Brocchi , Andreas Rosén

The aim of this paper is to study the boundedness of different conical square functions that arise naturally from second order divergence form degenerate elliptic operators. More precisely, let $L_w=w^{-1}\,{\rm div}(w\,A\,\nabla)$ where…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2020-08-13 Li Chen , José María Martell , Cruz Prisuelos-Arribas

The Kato square root problem for divergence form elliptic operators with potential $V : \mathbb{R}^{n} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ is the equivalence statement $\left\Vert (L + V)^{\frac{1}{2}} u\right\Vert_{2} \simeq \left\Vert \nabla u…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-06-24 Julian Bailey

We consider the Kato square root problem for non-divergence second order elliptic operators $L =- a_{ij} D_iD_j$, and, especially, the normalized adjoints of such operators. In particular, our results are applicable to the case of real…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2023-10-06 Luis Escauriaza , Pablo Hidalgo-Palencia , Steve Hofmann

We obtain the Kato square root estimate for second order elliptic operators in divergence form with mixed boundary conditions on an open and possibly unbounded set in $\mathbb{R}^d$ under two simple geometric conditions: The Dirichlet…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-12-04 Sebastian Bechtel , Moritz Egert , Robert Haller-Dintelmann

We solve the Kato square root problem for general elliptic operators and systems with measurable and complex coefficients on any domain of the Euclidean space. The operators are subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. We also allow…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2020-03-23 Julan Bailey , El Maati Ouhabaz

We provide a direct proof of a quadratic estimate that plays a central role in the determination of domains of square roots of elliptic operators and, as shown more recently, in some boundary value problems with $L^2$ boundary data. We…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2009-05-18 Pascal Auscher , Andreas Axelsson , Alan McIntosh

Weighted quadratic estimates are proved for certain bisectorial firstorder differential operators with bounded measurable coefficients which are (not necessarily pointwise) accretive, on complete manifolds with positive injectivity radius.…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2024-05-29 Pascal Auscher , Andrew J. Morris , Andreas Rosén

We solve the Kato square root problem for second order elliptic systems in divergence form under mixed boundary conditions on Lipschitz domains. This answers a question posed by J.-L. Lions in 1962. To do this we develop a general theory of…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Andreas Axelsson , Stephen Keith , Alan McIntosh

We prove the Kato conjecture for elliptic operators, $L=-\nabla\cdot\left((\mathbf A+\mathbf D)\nabla\ \right)$, with $\mathbf A$ a complex measurable bounded coercive matrix and $\mathbf D$ a measurable real-valued skew-symmetric matrix in…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2017-12-29 Luis Escauriaza , Steve Hofmann

We study the solvability of the regularity problem for degenerate elliptic operators in the block case for data in weighted spaces. More precisely, let $L_w$ be a degenerate elliptic operator with degeneracy given by a fixed weight $w\in…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2021-06-29 Pascal Auscher , Li Chen , José María Martell , Cruz Prisuelos-Arribas

We solve the Kato square root problem for divergence form operators on complete Riemannian manifolds that are embedded in Euclidean space with a bounded second fundamental form. We do this by proving local quadratic estimates for…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2014-02-26 Andrew J. Morris

We solve the Kato square root problem for bounded measurable perturbations of subelliptic operators on connected Lie groups. The subelliptic operators are divergence form operators with complex bounded coefficients, which may have lower…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2016-03-09 Lashi Bandara , A. F. M. ter Elst , Alan McIntosh

We prove the Kato square root estimate for second-order divergence form elliptic operators $-div(A\nabla)$ on a bounded, locally uniform domain $D \subseteq \mathbb{R}^n$, for accretive coefficients $A \in L^\infty(D; \mathbb{C}^n)$, under…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2026-01-09 Sebastian Bechtel , Andreas Rosén

On a domain $\Omega \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ we consider second order elliptic systems in divergence form with bounded complex coefficients, realized via a sesquilinear form with domain $V \subseteq H^1(\Omega)$. Under very mild assumptions…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-08-10 Moritz Egert , Robert Haller-Dintelmann , Patrick Tolksdorf
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