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Several methods are available in the literature to stochastically compare random variables and random vectors. We introduce the notion of asymptotic stochastic order for random processes and define four such orders. Various properties and…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-03-03 Sugata Ghosh , Asok K. Nanda

The ideas of aleatoric and epistemic uncertainty are widely used to reason about the probabilistic predictions of machine-learning models. We identify incoherence in existing discussions of these ideas and suggest this stems from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Freddie Bickford Smith , Jannik Kossen , Eleanor Trollope , Mark van der Wilk , Adam Foster , Tom Rainforth

The Born rule assigns a probability to any possible outcome of a quantum measurement, but leaves open the question how these probabilities are to be interpreted and, in particular, how they relate to the outcome observed in an actual…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-17 Daniela Frauchiger , Renato Renner

A concept of "guessability" is defined for sets of sequences of naturals. Eventually, these sets are thoroughly characterized. To do this, a nonstandard logic is developed, a logic containing symbols for the ellipsis as well as for…

Logic · Mathematics 2012-01-25 Samuel Alexander

Rule based classifiers that use the presence and absence of key sub-strings to make classification decisions have a natural mechanism for quantifying the uncertainty of their precision. For a binary classifier, the key insight is to treat…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-20 James Nutaro , Ozgur Ozmen

In this paper I discuss both syntax and semantics of subjective probability. The semantics determines ways of testing probability statements. Among important varieties of subjective probabilities are intersubjective probabilities and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Vladimir Vovk

Through extended consideration of two wide classes of case studies -- dilute gases and linear systems -- I explore the ways in which assumptions of probability and irreversibility occur in contemporary statistical mechanics, where the…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-04-23 David Wallace

In automata theory, while determinisation provides a standard route to solving many common problems in automata theory, some weak forms of nondeterminism can be dealt with in some problems without costly determinisation. For example, the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Thomas A. Henzinger , Keya Prakash , K. S. Thejaswini

Several application domains require formal but flexible approaches to the comparison problem. Different process models that cannot be related by behavioral equivalences should be compared via a quantitative notion of similarity, which is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-06-29 Alessandro Aldini

The analysis of decision making under uncertainty is closely related to the analysis of probabilistic inference. Indeed, much of the research into efficient methods for probabilistic inference in expert systems has been motivated by the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-25 Ross D. Shachter , Mark Alan Peot

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) rely on the key assumption that probability distributions are precisely known. Robust POMDPs (RPOMDPs) alleviate this concern by defining imprecise probabilities, referred to as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Eline M. Bovy , Marnix Suilen , Sebastian Junges , Nils Jansen

The presence of latent variables can greatly complicate inferences about causal relations between measured variables from statistical data. In many cases, the presence of latent variables makes it impossible to determine for two measured…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-26 Peter L. Spirtes

Simple representations of documents based on the occurrences of terms are ubiquitous in areas like Information Retrieval, and also frequent in Natural Language Processing. In this work we propose a logical-probabilistic approach to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2011-06-03 Alvaro Francisco Huertas-Rosero , C. J. van Rijsbergen

This paper studies a risk-sensitive decision-making problem under uncertainty. It considers a decision-making process that unfolds over a fixed number of stages, in which a decision-maker chooses among multiple alternatives, some of which…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-07 Chung-Han Hsieh , Yi-Shan Wong

Uncertainty sampling is a prevalent active learning algorithm that queries sequentially the annotations of data samples which the current prediction model is uncertain about. However, the usage of uncertainty sampling has been largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Shang Liu , Xiaocheng Li

The problem of belief tracking in the presence of stochastic actions and observations is pervasive and yet computationally intractable. In this work we show however that probabilistic beliefs can be maintained in factored form exactly and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-01 Blai Bonet , Hector Geffner

In concurrency theory, weak bisimilarity is often used to relate processes exhibiting the same observable behaviour. The probabilistic environment gives rise to several generalisations; we study the infinitary semantics, which abstracts…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-10-18 Nick Fischer , Rob van Glabbeek

In many areas of engineering and sciences, decision rules and control strategies are usually designed based on nominal values of relevant system parameters. To ensure that a control strategy or decision rule will work properly when the…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-06-16 Xinjia Chen

Learning, whether natural or artificial, is a process of selection. It starts with a set of candidate options and selects the more successful ones. In the case of machine learning the selection is done based on empirical estimates of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yevgeny Seldin

Fuzziness and randomicity widespread exist in natural science, engineering, technology and social science. The purpose of this paper is to present a new logic - uncertain propositional logic which can deal with both fuzziness by taking…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-06-11 Maokang Luo , Wei He