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Networks are a fundamental tool for understanding and modeling complex systems in physics, biology, neuroscience, engineering, and social science. Many networks are known to exhibit rich, lower-order connectivity patterns that can be…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Austin R. Benson , David F. Gleich , Jure Leskovec

Traditional graph analysis focuses on nodes and edges, that is, pairwise relationships. Yet many real-world networks, including biological, social, and communication networks, involve higher-order relationships in which multiple nodes…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Heitor Baldo , Luiz A. Baccalá , André Fujita , Koichi Sameshima

Complex networks often exhibit community structure, with communities corresponding to denser subgraphs in which nodes are closely linked. When modelling systems where interactions extend beyond node pairs to arbitrary numbers of nodes,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-10-16 Bianka Kovács , Barnabás Benedek , Gergely Palla

We explore the concept of separating systems of vertex sets of graphs. A separating system of a set $X$ is a collection of subsets of $X$ such that for any pair of distinct elements in $X$, there exists a set in the separating system that…

In this paper, we relate the seemingly unrelated concepts of treewidth and boxicity. Our main result is that, for any graph G, boxicity(G) <= treewidth(G) + 2. We also show that this upper bound is (almost) tight. Our result leads to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 L. Sunil Chandran , Naveen Sivadasan

A graph puzzle ${\rm Puz}(G)$ of a graph $G$ is defined as follows. A configuration of ${\rm Puz}(G)$ is a bijection from the set of vertices of a board graph to the set of vertices of a pebble graph, both graphs being isomorphic to some…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-03-30 Tatsuoki Kato , Tomoki Nakamigawa , Tadashi Sakuma

Hypergraphs, encoding structured interactions among any number of system units, have recently proven a successful tool to describe many real-world biological and social networks. Here we propose a framework based on statistical inference to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Martina Contisciani , Federico Battiston , Caterina De Bacco

Visualization of the adjacency matrix enables us to capture macroscopic features of a network when the matrix elements are aligned properly. Community structure, a network consisting of several densely connected components, is a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-07-11 Masaki Ochi , Tatsuro Kawamoto

In this work we develop a theory of hierarchical clustering for graphs. Our modeling assumption is that graphs are sampled from a graphon, which is a powerful and general model for generating graphs and analyzing large networks. Graphons…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-05-24 Justin Eldridge , Mikhail Belkin , Yusu Wang

High triangle density -- the graph property stating that a constant fraction of two-hop paths belong to a triangle -- is a common signature of social networks. This paper studies triangle-dense graphs from a structural perspective. We prove…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-02-10 Rishi Gupta , Tim Roughgarden , C. Seshadhri

There are various results connecting ranks of incidence matrices of graphs and hypergraphs with their combinatorial structure. Here, we consider the generalized incidence matrix $N_2$ (defined by inclusion of pairs in edges) for one natural…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-08-29 Peter J. Dukes , Kseniya Garaschuk

We present a new characterization of $k$-trees based on their reduced clique graphs and $(k+1)$-line graphs, which are block graphs. We explore structural properties of these two classes, showing that the number of clique-trees of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Lilian Markenzon , Allana S. S. Oliveira , Cybele T. M. Vinagre

Triadic closure, the formation of a connection between two nodes in a network sharing a common neighbor, is considered a fundamental mechanism determining the clustered nature of many real-world topologies. In this work we define a static…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-02-16 Lorenzo Cirigliano , Claudio Castellano , Gareth Baxter , Gábor Timár

We introduce a taxonomy of interaction types and show that graphs are focal hypergraphs: every graph is canonically a focal hypergraph via its closed neighbourhood structure, and every graph dynamical model is a special case of the general…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-05 Elkaïoum M. Moutuou

We introduce and study the pinnacle sets of a simple graph $G$ with $n$ vertices. Given a bijective vertex labeling $\lambda\,:\,V(G)\rightarrow [n]$, the label $\lambda(v)$ of vertex $v$ is a pinnacle of $(G, \lambda)$ if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-07-01 Chassidy Bozeman , Christine Cheng , Pamela E. Harris , Stephen Lasinis , Shanise Walker

We characterize the connected graphs of given order $n$ and given independence number $\alpha$ that maximize the number of maximum independent sets. For $3\leq \alpha\leq n/2$, there is a unique such graph that arises from the disjoint…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-29 E. Mohr , D. Rautenbach

A complex system with many interacting individuals can be represented by a network consisting of nodes and links representing individuals and pairwise interactions, respectively. However, real-world systems grow with time and include many…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-11-12 Soo Min Oh , Yongsun Lee , Byungnam Kahng

Finding densely connected subsets of vertices in an unsupervised setting, called clustering or community detection, is one of the fundamental problems in network science. The edge clustering approach instead detects communities by…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ryan DeWolfe , François Théberge

Despite being very successful within the pattern recognition and machine learning community, graph-based methods are often unusable because of the lack of mathematical operations defined in graph domain. Graph embedding, which maps graphs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Anjan Dutta , Pau Riba , Josep Lladós , Alicia Fornés

For a finite group $G$, the vertices of the prime graph $\Gamma(G)$ are the primes that divide $|G|$, and two vertices $p$ and $q$ are connected by an edge if and only if there is an element of order $pq$ in $G$. Prime graphs of solvable…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2024-07-10 Thomas Michael Keller , Gavin Pettigrew , Saskia Solotko , Lixin Zheng