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Information theory is built on probability measures and by definition a probability measure has total mass 1. Probability measures are used to model uncertainty, and one may ask how important it is that the total mass is one. We claim that…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Peter Harremoës

We consider a setting where an agent's uncertainty is represented by a set of probability measures, rather than a single measure. Measure-by-measure updating of such a set of measures upon acquiring new information is well-known to suffer…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-04 Joseph Y. Halpern , Samantha Leung

Conditionals are useful for modelling, but are not always sufficiently expressive for capturing information accurately. In this paper we make the case for a form of conditional that is situation-based. These conditionals are more expressive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Giovanni Casini , Thomas Meyer , Ivan Varzinczak

Bayesian analyses require that all variable model parameters are given a prior probability distribution. This can pose a challenge for analyses where multiple experiments are combined if these experiments use different parametrisations for…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-13 Lukas Koch

An agent is a misspecified Bayesian if she updates her belief using Bayes' rule given a subjective, possibly misspecified model of her signals. This paper shows that a belief sequence is consistent with misspecified Bayesian updating if and…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-03-25 Pooya Molavi

The injunction to `analyze the way you randomize' is well-known to statisticians since Fisher advocated for randomization as the basis of inference. Yet even those convinced by the merits of randomization-based inference seldom follow this…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-16 Nicole E. Pashley , Guillaume W. Basse , Luke W. Miratrix

We explore the relationship between possibility measures (supremum preserving normed measures) and p-boxes (pairs of cumulative distribution functions) on totally preordered spaces, extending earlier work in this direction by De Cooman and…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-01-04 Matthias C. M. Troffaes , Enrique Miranda , Sebastien Destercke

Given a finite collection of probability measures defined on subsets of a measurable space, how can we determine if they are compatible, in the sense that they can be realized as conditional distributions of a single probability measure on…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-12-11 Owen D. Biesel , Colin McSwiggen , Ted Theodosopoulos , Michael G. Titelbaum

This paper studies a new and more general axiomatization than one presented previously for preference on likelihood gambles. Likelihood gambles describe actions in a situation where a decision maker knows multiple probabilistic models and a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-02 Phan H. Giang

The definition of conditional probability in case of continuous distributions was an important step in the development of mathematical theory of probabilities. How can we define this notion in algorithmic probability theory? In this survey…

Logic · Mathematics 2016-07-15 Bruno Bauwens , Alexander Shen , Hayato Takahashi

We investigate a class of methods for selective inference that condition on a selection event. Such methods follow a two-stage process. First, a data-driven (sub)collection of hypotheses is chosen from some large universe of hypotheses.…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-04-09 Jelle Goeman , Aldo Solari

Parameter identification problems are formulated in a probabilistic language, where the randomness reflects the uncertainty about the knowledge of the true values. This setting allows conceptually easily to incorporate new information, e.g.…

Numerical Analysis · Computer Science 2013-03-19 Bojana V. Rosić , Anna Kučerová , Jan Sýkora , Oliver Pajonk , Alexander Litvinenko , Hermann G. Matthies

Testing hypotheses is an issue of primary importance in the scientific research, as well as in many other human activities. Much clarification about it can be achieved if the process of learning from data is framed in a stochastic model of…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 G. D'Agostini

The idea of preserving conditional beliefs emerged recently as a new paradigm apt to guide the revision of epistemic states. Conditionals are substantially different from propositional beliefs and need specific treatment. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Gabriele Kern-Isberner

In this paper, paired comparison models with stochastic background are investigated. We focus on the models that allow three options for choice. We estimate all parameters, the strength of the objects and the boundaries of equal decision,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-20 László Gyarmati , Csaba Mihálykó , Eva Orbán-Mihálykó , András Mihálykó

Bayes factors are characterized by both the powerful mathematical framework of Bayesian statistics and the useful interpretation as evidence quantification. Former requires a parameter distribution that changes by seeing the data, latter…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-20 Patrick Schwaferts , Thomas Augustin

We use the machinery of a conditional probability space (R\'enyi, 1955) to obtain an Agreement Theorem (Aumann, 1976) under general conditions. A conditional probability space (CPS) is a family of probability measures defined relative to a…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Erya Yang , Adam Brandenburger

We consider the problem of refuting equivalence of probabilistic programs, i.e., the problem of proving that two probabilistic programs induce different output distributions. We study this problem in the context of programs with…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Ehsan Kafshdar Goharshady , Petr Novotný , Đorđe Žikelić

A popular view in contemporary Boltzmannian statistical mechanics is to interpret the measures as typicality measures. In measure-theoretic dynamical systems theory measures can similarly be interpreted as typicality measures. However, a…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2013-10-08 Charlotte Werndl

In a recent preprint (Mosegaard and Curtis, 2024, arXiv:2411.13570v2) we analyzed the consequences of ignoring the well-known inconsistency of classical conditional probability densities. We explained how this inconsistency, together with…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-01 Klaus Mosegaard , Andrew Curtis