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The notion of smoothness was introduced originally in the context of step systems on connected graphs. Smoothness turns out to be a very general property of metrics defined by a five-point condition. Restricted to graphs, it is closely…

This paper is devoted to the investigation of the spectral theory and dynamical properties of periodic graphs which are not locally finite but carry non-negative, symmetric and summable edge weights. These graphs are shown to exhibit rather…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-25 Joachim Kerner , Olaf Post , Mostafa Sabri , Matthias Täufer

We investigate connections between the symmetries (automorphisms) of a graph and its spectral properties. Whenever a graph has a symmetry, i.e. a nontrivial automorphism $\phi$, it is possible to use $\phi$ to decompose any matrix…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-07 Wayne Barrett , Amanda Francis , Ben Webb

Graphs with few distinct eigenvalues have been investigated extensively. In this paper, we focus on another relevant topic: characterizing graphs with some eigenvalue of large multiplicity. Specifically, the normalized Laplacian matrix of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-01 Fenglei Tian , Dein Wong

Whenever graphs admit equitable partitions, their quotient graphs highlight the structure evidenced by the partition. It is therefore very natural to ask what can be said about two graphs that have the same quotient according to certain…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-15 Frederico Cançado , Gabriel Coutinho

Using the signed laplacian matrix, and weighted and hybrid graphs, we present additional ways to interpret graphs as grid states. Hybrid graphs offer the most general interpretation. Existing graphical methods that characterize entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-20 Biswash Ghimire , Thomas Wagner , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

There are two main notions of a Laplacian operator associated with graphs: discrete graph Laplacians and continuous Laplacians on metric graphs (widely known as quantum graphs). Both objects have a venerable history as they are related to…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2023-10-12 Aleksey Kostenko , Noema Nicolussi

We investigate the property of a spatial graph of having a leveled embedding and characterize the abstract graphs with this property. We show that all leveled embeddings are free and we compare leveled and paneled (also known as flat)…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-22 Senja Barthel , Fabio Buccoliero

According to a recent conjecture, isospectral objects have different nodal count sequences. We study generalized Laplacians on discrete graphs, and use them to construct the first non-trivial counter-examples to this conjecture. In…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2016-11-25 Idan Oren , Ram Band

The ring of graph invariants is spanned by the basic graph invariants which calculate the number of subgraphs isomorphic to a given graph in other graphs. These subgraphs counting invariants are not algebraically independent. In our view…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-12-11 Tomi Mikkonen

Motivated by discrete Laplacian differential operators with various accuracy orders in numerical analysis, we introduce new matrices attached to a simple graph that can be considered graph Laplacians with higher accuracy. In particular, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-09 Mary Yoon

We provide a criterion to distinguish two graphs which are indistinguishable by $2$-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman algorithm for almost all graphs. Haemers conjectured that almost all graphs are identified by their spectrum. Our approach…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-21 Wei Wang , Da Zhao

This article deals with the spectra of Laplacians of weighted graphs. In this context, two objects are of fundamental importance for the dynamics of complex networks: the second eigenvalue of such a spectrum (called algebraic connectivity)…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2017-04-07 Camille Poignard , Tiago Pereira , Jan Philipp Pade

In this paper, we introduce the Laplacian and the signless Laplacian for the eccentricity matrix of a connected graph, referred to as the eccentricity Laplacian and the eccentricity signless Laplacian, respectively. We establish the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-15 Keshav Saini , Anubha Jindal , K. Palpandi

Motivated by circle graphs, and the enumeration of Euler circuits, we define a one-variable ``interlace polynomial'' for any graph. The polynomial satisfies a beautiful and unexpected reduction relation, quite different from the cut and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Richard Arratia , Bela Bollobas , Gregory B. Sorkin

We give a construction of a family of (weighted) graphs that are pairwise cospectral with respect to the normalized Laplacian matrix, or equivalently probability transition matrix. This construction can be used to form pairs of cospectral…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-08 Steve Butler , Kristin Heysse

We study the existence and regularity of invariant graphs for bundle maps (or bundle correspondences with generating bundle maps motivated by ill-posed differential equations) having some relative partial hyperbolicity on non-trivial and…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-10-14 Deliang Chen

Graph Isomorphism is such an important problem in computer science, that it has been widely studied over the last decades. It is well known that it belongs to NP class, but is not NP-complete. It is thought to be of comparable difficulty to…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Hernán I. de la Cruz , Fernando L. Pelayo , Vicente Pascual , Jose J. Paulet , Fernando Cuartero , Luis Llana , Mauro Mezzini

In the past decades, graphs that are determined by their spectrum have received more attention, since they have been applied to several fields, such as randomized algorithms, combinatorial optimization problems and machine learning. An…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-27 Ali Zeydi Abdian , Afshin Behmaram , Gholam Hossein Fath-Tabar

Let $G$ be a connected simple graph on $n$ vertices. Let $\mathcal{L}(G)$ be the normalized Laplacian matrix of $G$ and $\rho_{n-1}(G)$ be the second least eigenvalue of $\mathcal{L}(G)$. Denote by $\nu(G)$ the independence number of $G$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-07-24 Fenglei Tian , Junqing Cai , Zuosong Liang , Xuntuan Su