Related papers: An Arithmetic Metric
We prove that if $P$ is a set of $n$ points in $\mathbb{C}^2$, then either the points in $P$ determine $\Omega(n^{1-\epsilon})$ complex distances, or $P$ is contained in a line with slope $\pm i$. If the latter occurs then each pair of…
Let x, y be strings of equal length. The Hamming distance h(x,y) between x and y is the number of positions in which x and y differ. If x is a cyclic shift of y, we say x and y are conjugates. We consider f(x,y), the Hamming distance…
In this expository article, the real numbers are defined as infinite decimals. After defining an ordering relation and the arithmetic operations, it is shown that the set of real numbers is a complete ordered field. It is further shown that…
We consider two or more simple symmetric walks on some graphs, e.g. the real line, the plane or the two dimensional comb lattice, and investigate the properties of the distance among the walkers.
The induction principle for natural numbers expresses that when a property holds for some natural number a and is hereditary, then it holds for all numbers greater than or equal to a. We present a similar principle for real numbers.
We study pairs of consecutive odd numbers through a straightforward indexing. We focus in particular on twin primes and their distribution. With a counting argument, we calculate the limit of an alternating sum that is equal to 1 which…
We present the pattern underlying some of the properties of natural numbers, using the framework of complex networks. The network used is a divisibility network in which each node has a fixed identity as one of the natural numbers and the…
There are many papers studying properties of point sets in the Euclidean space $\mathbb{E}^m$ or on integer grids $\mathbb{Z}^m$, with pairwise integral or rational distances. In this article we consider the distances or coordinates of the…
The concepts of similarity and distance are crucial in data mining. We consider the problem of defining the distance between two data sets by comparing summary statistics computed from the data sets. The initial definition of our distance…
In an interesting paper Professor Cunsheng Ding provided three constructions of cyclic codes of length being a product of two primes. Numerical data shows that many codes from these constructions are best cyclic codes of the same length and…
Two numbers are spectral equivalent if they have the same length spectrum. We show how to compute the equivalence classes of this relation. Moreover, we show that these classes can only have either 1,2 or infinitely many elements.
This paper presents a distance function between sets based on an average of distances between their elements. The distance function is a metric if the sets are non-empty finite subsets of a metric space. It can be applied to produce various…
In this paper we study a sequence involving the prime numbers by deriving two asymptotic formulas and finding new upper and lower bounds, which improve the currently known estimates.
For a real number $x$ and set of natural numbers $A$, define $x \ast A := \{ x a \bmod 1: a\in A\}\subseteq [0,1).$ We consider relationships between $x$, $A$, and the order-type of $x\ast A$. For example, for every irrational $x$ and…
A new kind of numbers called Hyper Space Complex Numbers and its algebras are defined and proved. It is with good properties as the classic Complex Numbers, such as expressed in coordinates, triangular and exponent forms and following the…
Motivated by putting empirical work based on (synthetic) election data on a more solid mathematical basis, we analyze six distances among elections, including, e.g., the challenging-to-compute but very precise swap distance and the distance…
It is shown that there exist infinitely many triangular numbers (congruent to 3 mod 12) which cannot be the distance between two perfect numbers.
For a given real number $\alpha$, let us place the fractional parts of the points $0, \alpha, 2 \alpha,$ $ \cdots, (N-1) \alpha$ on the unit circle. These points partition the unit circle into intervals having at most three lengths, one…
Let $\mathbb{F}_p$ be a prime field, and ${\mathcal E}$ a set in $\mathbb{F}_p^2$. Let $\Delta({\mathcal E})=\{||x-y||: x,y \in {\mathcal E} \}$, the distance set of ${\mathcal E}$. In this paper, we provide a quantitative connection…
What is the largest number accessible to the human imagination? The question is neither entirely mathematical nor entirely philosophical. Mathematical formulations of the problem fall into two classes: those that fail to fully capture the…