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As fully fault-tolerant quantum computers capable of solving useful problems remain a distant goal, we anticipate an era of "early fault tolerance" where limited error correction is available. We propose a framework for designing early…

Modular architectures are a promising approach to scaling quantum computers beyond the limits of monolithic designs. However, non-local communications between different quantum processors might significantly impact overall system…

Concatenating quantum error correction codes scales error correction capability by driving logical error rates down double-exponentially across levels. However, the noise structure shifts under concatenation, making it hard to choose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Nico Meyer , Christopher Mutschler , Dominik Seuß , Andreas Maier , Daniel D. Scherer

The inevitable existence of static internal imperfections and residual interactions in some quantum computer architectures result in internal decoherence, dissipation, and destructive unitary shifts of active algorithms. By exact numerical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Murat Cetinbas , Joshua Wilkie

Quantum error correction protocols have been developed to offset the high sensitivity to noise inherent in quantum systems. However, much is still unknown about the behaviour of a quantum error-correcting code under general noise, including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-09 Stefanie J. Beale , Joel J. Wallman

Quantum computers will require encoding of quantum information to protect them from noise. Fault-tolerant quantum computing architectures illustrate how this might be done but have not yet shown a conclusive practical advantage. Here we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-01 Robin Harper , Steven T. Flammia

Classical feedback is defined here as the knowledge by the transmitter of the quantum state of the qubit received by the receiver. Such classical feedback doubles capacities of certain memoryless quantum channels without preexisting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gleb V. Klimovitch

Recent progress in fault-tolerant quantum computing suggests that leveraging error-syndrome information at the logical layer can substantially improve performance, including the estimation of logical observables from noisy states. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Kento Tsubouchi , Hyukgun Kwon , Liang Jiang , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

With fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) on the horizon, it is critical to understand sources of logical error in plausible hardware implementations of quantum error-correcting codes (QECC). In this work, we consider logical error rates…

Quantum states are very delicate, so it is likely some sort of quantum error correction will be necessary to build reliable quantum computers. The theory of quantum error-correcting codes has some close ties to and some striking differences…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Daniel Gottesman

The realization of quantum error correction is an essential ingredient for reaching the full potential of fault-tolerant universal quantum computation. Using a range of different schemes, logical qubits can be redundantly encoded in a set…

The unavoidable finite time intervals between the sequential operations needed for performing practical quantum computing can degrade the performance of quantum computers. During these delays, unwanted relative dynamical phases are produced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 L. F. Wei , Franco Nori

The ability to execute a large number of quantum gates in parallel is a fundamental requirement for quantum error correction, allowing an error threshold to exist under the finite coherence time of physical qubits. Recently, two-dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-20 Fangxuan Liu , Gaoxiang Tang , Luming Duan , Yukai Wu

This work compares the overhead of quantum error correction with concatenated and topological quantum error-correcting codes. To perform a numerical analysis, we use the Quantum Resource Estimator Toolbox (QuRE) that we recently developed.…

The Quantum Computer Condition (QCC) provides a rigorous and completely general framework for carrying out analyses of questions pertaining to fault-tolerance in quantum computers. In this paper we apply the QCC to the problem of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gerald Gilbert , Michael Hamrick , F. Javier Thayer , Yaakov S. Weinstein

Quantum error correction works effectively only if the error rate of gate operations is sufficiently low. However, some rare physical mechanisms can cause a temporary increase in the error rate that affects many qubits; examples include…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-28 Shi Jie Samuel Tan , Christopher A. Pattison , Matt McEwen , John Preskill

There are several important solid-state systems, such as defects in solids, superconducting circuits and molecular qubits, for attractive candidates of quantum computations. Molecular qubits, which benefit from the power of chemistry for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-29 Yingqiu Dai , Zhifu Shi , Yue Fu , Xi Qin , Shiwei Mu , Yang Wu , Ji-Hu Su , Lei Qin , Yuan-Qi Zhai , Yi-Fei Deng , Xing Rong , Jiangfeng Du

Descriptions of quantum algorithms, communication etc. protocols assume the existence of closed quantum system. However, real life quantum systems are open and are highly sensitive to errors. Hence error correction is of utmost importance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-15 Ritajit Majumdar , Saikat Basu , Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Susmita Sur-Kolay

Quantum computing becomes viable when a quantum state can be preserved from environmentally-induced error. If quantum bits (qubits) are sufficiently reliable, errors are sparse and quantum error correction (QEC) is capable of identifying…

We study the performance of quantum error correction codes (QECCs) under the detection-induced coherent error due to the imperfectness of practical implementations of stabilizer measurements, after running a quantum circuit. Considering the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-25 Qinghong Yang , Dong E. Liu