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Ordered matchings, defined as graphs with linearly ordered vertices, where each vertex is connected to exactly one edge, play a crucial role in the area of ordered graphs and their homomorphisms. Therefore, we consider related problems from…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Michal Čertík , Andreas Emil Feldmann , Jaroslav Nešetřil , Paweł Rzążewski

Lov\'asz (1967) showed that two graphs $G$ and $H$ are isomorphic if and only if they are homomorphism indistinguishable over the class of all graphs, i.e. for every graph $F$, the number of homomorphisms from $F$ to $G$ equals the number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-13 Martin Grohe , Gaurav Rattan , Tim Seppelt

We study the complexity of a class of promise graph homomorphism problems. For a fixed graph H, the H-colouring problem is to decide whether a given graph has a homomorphism to H. By a result of Hell and Ne\v{s}et\v{r}il, this problem is…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Sergey Avvakumov , Marek Filakovský , Jakub Opršal , Gianluca Tasinato , Uli Wagner

The graph isomorphism problem looks deceptively simple, but although polynomial-time algorithms exist for certain types of graphs such as planar graphs and graphs with bounded degree or eigenvalue multiplicity, its complexity class is still…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Stefan Klus , Patrick Gelß

For a connected graph $G=(V,E)$, a matching $M\subseteq E$ is a matching cut of $G$ if $G-M$ is disconnected. It is known that for an integer $d$, the corresponding decision problem Matching Cut is polynomial-time solvable for graphs of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-18 Felicia Lucke , Daniël Paulusma , Bernard Ries

Two graphs $G$ and $H$ are homomorphism indistinguishable over a family of graphs $\mathcal{F}$ if for all graphs $F \in \mathcal{F}$ the number of homomorphisms from $F$ to $G$ is equal to the number of homomorphism from $F$ to $H$. Many…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Tim Seppelt

We study classes of countable graphs where every member does not contain a given finite graph as an induced subgraph -- denoted by $\mathsf{Free}(\mathcal{G})$ for a given finite graph $\mathcal{G}$. Our main results establish a structural…

There are many variations on partition functions for graph homomorphisms or colorings. The case considered here is a counting or hard constraint problem in which the range or color graph carries a free and vertex transitive Abelian group…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-04-06 Eric Babson , Matthias Beck

We introduce the partition function of edge-colored graph homomorphisms, of which the usual partition function of graph homomorphisms is a specialization, and present an efficient algorithm to approximate it in a certain domain. Corollaries…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-05 Alexander Barvinok , Pablo Soberón

We explore the concept of a graph homomorphism through the lens of C$^*$-algebras and operator systems. We start by studying the various notions of a quantum graph homomorphism and examine how they are related to each other. We then define…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2016-02-23 Carlos M. Ortiz , Vern I. Paulsen

A graph G is a homomorphic preimage of another graph H, or equivalently G is H-colorable, if there exists a graph homomorphism from G to H. A classic problem is to characterize the family of homomorphic preimages of a given graph H. A…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-06-13 Sally Cockburn

Given graphs $X$ and $Y$, we define two conic feasibility programs which we show have a solution over the completely positive cone if and only if there exists a homomorphism from $X$ to $Y$. By varying the cone, we obtain similar…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-11-27 David E. Roberson

The recently introduced A-homotopy groups for graphs are investigated. The main concern of the present article is the construction of an infinite cell complex, the homotopy groups of which are isomorphic to the A-homotopy groups of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 E. Babson , H. Barcelo , M. de Longueville , R. Laubenbacher

For graphs $G,H$, a homomorphism from $G$ to $H$ is an edge-preserving mapping from $V(G)$ to $V(H)$. In the list homomorphism problem, denoted by \textsc{LHom}($H$), we are given a graph $G$ and lists $L: V(G) \to 2^{V(H)}$, and we ask for…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Marta Piecyk , Paweł Rzążewski

The aim of this paper is to generalize the notion of the coloring complex of a graph to hypergraphs. We present three different interpretations of those complexes -- a purely combinatorial one and two geometric ones. It is shown, that most…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-05-01 Felix Breuer , Aaron Dall , Martina Kubitzke

A large driver of the complexity of graph learning is the interplay between structure and features. When analyzing the expressivity of graph neural networks, however, existing approaches ignore features in favor of structure, making it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Martin Carrasco , Olga Zaghen , Kavir Sumaraj , Erik Bekkers , Bastian Rieck

We introduce an idea called anti-gadgets in complexity reductions. These combinatorial gadgets have the effect of erasing the presence of some other graph fragment, as if we had managed to include a negative copy of a graph gadget. We use…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-11-30 Jin-Yi Cai , Michael Kowalczyk , Tyson Williams

A homomorphism from a graph G to a graph H is a function from V(G) to V(H) that preserves edges. Many combinatorial structures that arise in mathematics and computer science can be represented naturally as graph homomorphisms and as…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-09-29 Andreas Göbel , Leslie Ann Goldberg , David Richerby

Several possible definitions of local injectivity for a homomorphism of an oriented graph $G$ to an oriented graph $H$ are considered. In each case, we determine the complexity of deciding whether there exists such a homomorphism when $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-07-27 Russell J. Campbell , Nancy E. Clarke , Gary MacGillivray

The task of computing homomorphisms between two finite relational structures $\mathcal{A}$ and $\mathcal{B}$ is a well-studied question with numerous applications. Since the set $\operatorname{Hom}(\mathcal{A},\mathcal{B})$ of all…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Christoph Berkholz , Harry Vinall-Smeeth