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We propose a class of cooperative games, called d Partitioned Compbinatorial Optimization Games (PCOGs). The input of PCOG consists of a set of agents and a combinatorial structure (typically a graph) with a fixed optimization goal on this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Jiehua Chen , Christian Hatschka , Sofia Simola

Chessboard and chess piece recognition is a computer vision problem that has not yet been efficiently solved. However, its solution is crucial for many experienced players who wish to compete against AI bots, but also prefer to make…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Maciej A. Czyzewski , Artur Laskowski , Szymon Wasik

We analyze the computational complexity of several new variants of edge-matching puzzles. First we analyze inequality (instead of equality) constraints between adjacent tiles, proving the problem NP-complete for strict inequalities but…

We analyze the computational complexity of Tetris clearing (determining whether the player can clear an initial board using a given sequence of pieces) and survival (determining whether the player can avoid losing before placing all the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-11 MIT Hardness Group , Josh Brunner , Erik D. Demaine , Della Hendrickson , Jeffery Li

A general position set of a graph $G$ is a set of vertices $S$ in $G$ such that no three vertices from $S$ lie on a common shortest path. In this paper we introduce and study the general position achievement game. The game is played on a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-16 Sandi Klavžar , Neethu P. K. , Ullas Chandran S.

Finding all the words on a Boggle board is a classic computer programming problem. With a fast Boggle solver, local optimization techniques such as hillclimbing and simulated annealing can be used to find particularly high-scoring boards.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Dan Vanderkam

Bingo is played on a $5\times 5$ grid. Take the 25 squares to be the ground set of a closure system in which square $s$ is dependent on a set $S$ of squares iff $s$ completes a line - a row, column, or diagonal - with squares that are…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-10-03 Jeffrey Beyerl , J. Bowman Light , Robert E. Jamison

We start with the well-known game below: Two players hold a sheet of paper to their forehead on which a positive integer is written. The numbers are consecutive and each player can only see the number of the other one. In each time step,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-02-26 Felix Günther , Irina Mustata

Game solving is the process of finding the theoretical outcome for a game, assuming that all player choices are optimal. This paper focuses on a technique that can reduce the heuristic search space significantly for 7x7 Killall-Go. In Go…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Yun-Jui Tsai , Ting Han Wei , Chi-Huang Lin , Chung-Chin Shih , Hung Guei , I-Chen Wu , Ti-Rong Wu

2048 is a stochastic single-player game involving 16 cells on a 4 by 4 grid, where a player chooses a direction among up, down, left, and right to obtain a score by merging two tiles with the same number located in neighboring cells along…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Tomoyuki Kaneko , Shuhei Yamashita

Identifying the configuration of chess pieces from an image of a chessboard is a problem in computer vision that has not yet been solved accurately. However, it is important for helping amateur chess players improve their games by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Georg Wölflein , Ognjen Arandjelović

Markov chains are an important example for a course on stochastic processes because simple board games can be used to illustrate the fundamental concepts. For example, a looping board game (like Monopoly) consists of all recurrent states,…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2014-10-07 Roger Bilisoly

In this paper, we study a reversible process (more precisely, a groupoid/group action) resembling the classical 15-puzzle, where the legal moves are to ``move the unique hole inside a translate of a shape $S$''. Such a process can be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-01 Ville Salo , Juliette Schabanel

We consider a card guessing game with complete feedback. An ordered deck of $n$ cards labeled $1$ up to $n$ is riffle-shuffled exactly one time. Given a value $p\in(0{,}1)\setminus\{\frac12\}$, the riffle shuffle is assumed to be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-13 Markus Kuba

Morpion Solitaire is a pencil-and-paper game for a single player. A move in this game consists of putting a cross at a lattice point and then drawing a line segment that passes through exactly five consecutive crosses. The objective is to…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-01-16 Akitoshi Kawamura , Takuma Okamoto , Yuichi Tatsu , Yushi Uno , Masahide Yamato

We study the complexity of a particular class of board games, which we call `slide and merge' games. Namely, we consider 2048 and Threes, which are among the most popular games of their type. In both games, the player is required to slide…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-01-19 Ahmed Abdelkader , Aditya Acharya , Philip Dasler

We present a new game, Dots & Polygons, played on a planar point set. Players take turns connecting two points, and when a player closes a (simple) polygon, the player scores its area. We show that deciding whether the game can be won from…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Kevin Buchin , Mart Hagedoorn , Irina Kostitsyna , Max van Mulken , Jolan Rensen , Leo van Schooten

In the popular computer game of Tetris, the player is given a sequence of tetromino pieces and must pack them into a rectangular gameboard initially occupied by a given configuration of filled squares; any completely filled row of the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Erik D. Demaine , Susan Hohenberger , David Liben-Nowell

Challenges for physical solitaire puzzle games are typically designed in advance by humans and limited in number. Alternatively, some games incorporate rules for stochastic setup, where the human solver randomly sets up the game board…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Mark Goadrich , James Droscha

The 21-card trick is a way of dealing cards in order to predict the card selected by a volunteer. We give a mathematical explanation of why the well-known 21-card trick works using a simple linear discrete function. The function has a…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2013-08-16 Jyoti Champanerkar , Mahendra Jani