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We present a comprehensive and technically rigorous analysis of the status of Birkhoff's theorem in Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity, a paradigmatic two-dimensional model for studying semiclassical gravitational dynamics. While Birkhoff's…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-07 D. Momeni

We consider spherically symmetric space-times in GR under the unconventional assumptions that the spherical radius $r$ is either a constant or has a null gradient in the $(t,x)$ subspace orthogonal to the symmetry spheres (i.e., $(\partial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-10-17 K. A. Bronnikov , Sung-Won Kim , M. V. Skvortsova

We derive the general $\Sigma_2\times S$ solution of topologically massive gravity in vacuum and in presence of a cosmological constant. The field equations reduce to three-dimensional Einstein equations and the solution has constant Ricci…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Marco Cavaglia

In this paper, we systematically study spherically symmetric static spacetimes in the framework of Einstein-aether theory, and pay particular attention to the existence of black holes (BHs). In the present studies we first clarify several…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-09-18 Chao Zhang , Xiang Zhao , Kai Lin , Shaojun Zhang , Wen Zhao , Anzhong Wang

The validity conditions for the extended Birkhoff theorem in multidimensional gravity with $n$ internal spaces are formulated, with no restriction on space-time dimensionality and signature. Examples of matter sources and geometries for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-31 K. A. Bronnikov , V. N. Melnikov

I review the classical and quantum properties of the (2+1)-dimensional black hole of Ba{\~n}ados, Teitelboim, and Zanelli. This solution of the Einstein field equations in three spacetime dimensions shares many of the characteristics of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-04-28 Steven Carlip

As argued in arXiv:2104.10172, introducing a non-minimally coupled scalar field, three-dimensional Einstein gravity can be extended by infinite families of theories which admit simple analytic generalizations of the charged BTZ black hole.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-26 Pablo Bueno , Oscar Lasso Andino , Javier Moreno , Guido van der Velde

We consider gravity in 2+1 dimensions in presence of extended stationary sources with rotational symmetry. We prove by direct use of Einstein's equations that if i) the energy momentum tensor satisfies the weak energy condition, ii) the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2009-10-22 P. Menotti , D. Seminara

The 5-dimensional (5d) Birkhoff theorem gives the class of 5d vacuum space-times containing spatial hypersurfaces with cosmological symmetries. This theorem is violated by the 5d vacuum Gergely-Maartens (GM) space-time, which is not a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Zoltán Keresztes , László Á. Gergely

The Ba\~{n}ados, Teitelboim and Zanelli\cite{BTZ} solution corresponding to the exterior space-time of a black hole in $(2+1)$ dimensions has been found to be very useful to understand various aspects relating to the gravitational field of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-12 Ayan Banerjee , Farook Rahaman , Kanti Jotania , Ranjan Sharma , Indrani Karar

We generalize Birkhoff's Theorem in the following fashion. We find necessary and sufficient conditions for any spherically symmetric space-time to be static in terms of the eigenvalues of the stress-energy tensor. In particular, we…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-03-24 Joel L. Weiner

The Einstein equation in D dimensions, if restricted to the class of space-times possessing n = D - 2 commuting hypersurface-orthogonal Killing vectors, can be equivalently written as metric-dilaton gravity in 2 dimensions with n scalar…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-30 H. -J. Schmidt

The main result of this paper gives a topological property satisfied by any homeomorphism of the annulus $\mathbb{A}=\mathbb{S}^1 \times [-1,1]$ isotopic to the identity and with at most one fixed point. This generalizes the classical…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2011-03-31 Marc Bonino

We generalize the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations for space-times endowed with a Weyssenhoff like torsion field in the Einstein-Cartan theory. The new set of structure equations clearly show how the presence of torsion affects the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-10-18 Paulo Luz , Sante Carloni

Spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat solutions of Shape Dynamics were previously studied assuming standard falloff conditions for the metric and the momenta. These ensure that the spacetime is asymptotically Minkowski, and that the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-09-21 Flavio Mercati

We give a thorough description of the shape of rotating axisymmetric stable black-hole (apparent) horizons applicable in dynamical or stationary regimes. It is found that rotation manifests in the widening of their central regions…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-11-21 Martin Reiris , Maria Eugenia Gabach Clement

A class of 2-dimensional models including 2-d dilaton gravity, spherically symmetric reduction of d-dimensional Einstein gravity and other related theories are classically analyzed. The general analytic solutions in the absence of matter…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-11-01 Youngjai Kiem

We solve Einstein's equations with negative cosmological constant in $2+1$ dimensions in the Hamiltonian formulation. The spacetime has the topology of $\Sigma \times \mathbf{R}$ where $\mathbf{R}$ corresponds to the time direction and…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-10-28 Anurag Kaushal , Naveen S. Prabhakar , Spenta R. Wadia

In this paper we give some general considerations about circularly symmetric, static space-times in 2+1 dimensions, focusing first on the surprising (at the time) existence of the BTZ black hole solution. We show that BTZ black holes and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-04-10 H. -J. Schmidt , D. Singleton

We work towards the general solution of the two-body problem in 2+1-dimensional general relativity with a negative cosmological constant. The BTZ solutions corresponding to black holes, point particles and overspinning particles can be…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-09-13 Carsten Gundlach