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How and when do galaxies form? Studies of the microwave background radiation reveal that the Universe is spectacularly homogenous at redshift z~1000. Observations of the local Universe reveal that by z=0 much of the luminous matter has…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 Daniel Stern , Hyron Spinrad

The first generation of stars was formed from primordial gas. Numerical simulations suggest that the first stars were predominantly very massive, with typical masses M > 100 Mo. These stars were responsible for the reionization of the…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-18 D. Bahena , J. Klapp

The Pop III.1 theory for supermassive black hole (SMBH) formation predicts that a substantial fraction of the early universe was ionized by supermassive stars at redshifts $z\sim20-30$, an era we refer to as ``The Flash''. This is followed…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-08-05 Jonathan C. Tan

Approximately two hundred supermassive black holes (SMBHs) have been discovered within the first $\sim$Gyr after the Big Bang. One pathway for the formation of SMBHs is through the collapse of supermassive stars (SMSs). A possible obstacle…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-03-30 Hiromichi Tagawa , Zoltan Haiman , Bence Kocsis

We derive astroparticle constraints in different dark matter scenarios alternative to cold dark matter (CDM): thermal relic warm dark matter, WDM; fuzzy dark matter, $\psi$DM; self-interacting dark matter, SIDM; sterile neutrino dark…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-09-13 A. Lapi , T. Ronconi , L. Boco , F. Shankar , N. Krachmalnicoff , C. Baccigalupi , L. Danese

Supermassive black holes (SMBH) of size $10^{6-10}M_{\odot}$ are common in the Universe and they define the center of the galaxies. A galaxy and the SMBH are generally thought to have co-evolved. However, the SMBH cannot evolve so fast as…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-01-14 Masahiro Morikawa

Understanding the relationship between supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their host galaxies at different redshifts is crucial for unraveling the processes of SMBH-galaxy co-evolution. We present the properties of nine type 1 Active…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-07-03 Atsushi Hoshi , Toru Yamada

The first billion years of the Universe is a pivotal time: stars, black holes (BHs) and galaxies form and assemble, sowing the seeds of galaxies as we know them today. Detecting, identifying and understand- ing the first galaxies and BHs is…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-11-15 Marta Volonteri , Amy Reines , Hakim Atek , Daniel P. Stark , Maxime Trebitsch

Galaxy formation is at the heart of our understanding of cosmic evolution. Although there is a consensus that galaxies emerged from the expanding matter background by gravitational instability of primordial fluctuations, a number of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-06-10 Pratika Dayal , Andrea Ferrara

I update the SKA key science program (KSP) on first light and cosmic reionization. The KSP has two themes: (i) Using the 21cm line of neutral hydrogen as the most direct probe into the evolution of the neutral intergalactic medium during…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-02-14 C. L. Carilli

The molecular gas, H$_2$, that fuels star formation in galaxies is difficult to observe directly. As such, the ratio of $L_{\rm IR}$ to $L^\prime_{\rm CO}$ is an observational estimation of the star formation rate compared with the amount…

We present a sub-kpc localization of the sites of supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth in three active galactic nuclei (AGN) at $z \sim 3$ in relation to the regions of intense star formation in their hosts. These AGNs are selected from…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-02-21 W. Rujopakarn , K. Nyland , G. H. Rieke , G. Barro , D. Elbaz , R. J. Ivison , P. Jagannathan , J. D. Silverman , V. Smolcic , T. Wang

21 cm cosmology, the statistical observation of the high redshift universe using the hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen, has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of cosmology and the astrophysical processes that underlie…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-10 Joshua S. Dillon

We investigate the evolution of the primordial gas surrounding the first massive black holes formed by the collapse of Population III stars at redshifts z > 20. Carrying out three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations using GADGET, we…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 Jarrett L. Johnson , Volker Bromm

(Abridged) In these lectures aimed for non-specialists, I review progress in understanding how galaxies form and evolve. Both the star formation history and assembly of stellar mass can be empirically traced from redshifts z~6 to the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-24 Richard S Ellis

The study of high-redshift objects is rapidly developing, allowing to build the star formation history of the Universe. Since most of the flux from starbursts comes out in the FIR region, the submm and mm are privileged domains for the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 F. Combes

The prospect of detecting the first galaxies by observing their impact on the intergalactic medium as they reionized it during the first billion years leads us to ask whether such indirect observations are capable of diagnosing which types…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-28 Ilian T. Iliev , Garrelt Mellema , Paul R. Shapiro , Ue-Li Pen , Yi Mao , Jun Koda , Kyungjin Ahn

Numerical simulations suggest that the first galaxies are formed in protogalactic halos with virial temperatures >= 10^4 K. It is likely that such halos are polluted with trace amounts of metals produced by the first generation of stars.…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-30 M. A. Latif , D. R. G. Schleicher , M. Spaans

Star-forming dwarf galaxies in the local Universe, especially extremely metal-poor ones, can be considered analogous to early galaxies of the Epoch of Reionization (z >= 6). Currently available telescopes cannot adequately detect and…

The emergence of the first black holes during the first billion years of cosmic history marks a key event in cosmology. Their formation is part of the overall process of ending the cosmic dark ages, when the first stars appeared in low-mass…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-07-26 Aaron Smith , Volker Bromm