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The Subtree Isomorphism problem asks whether a given tree is contained in another given tree. The problem is of fundamental importance and has been studied since the 1960s. For some variants, e.g., ordered trees, near-linear time algorithms…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-10-16 Amir Abboud , Arturs Backurs , Thomas Dueholm Hansen , Virginia Vassilevska Williams , Or Zamir

Trees are key components of the terrestrial biosphere, playing vital roles in ecosystem function, climate regulation, and the bioeconomy. However, large-scale monitoring of individual trees remains limited by inadequate modelling. Available…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Dimitri Gominski , Martin Brandt , Xiaoye Tong , Siyu Liu , Maurice Mugabowindekwe , Sizhuo Li , Florian Reiner , Andrew Davies , Rasmus Fensholt

This paper addresses several structural aspects of the insertion-elimination algebra, a Lie algebra that can be realized in terms of tree-inserting and tree-eliminating operations on the set of rooted trees. In particular, we determine the…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2016-06-22 Matthew Ondrus , Emilie Wiesner

We study the problem of learning a node-labeled tree given independent traces from an appropriately defined deletion channel. This problem, tree trace reconstruction, generalizes string trace reconstruction, which corresponds to the tree…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Sami Davies , Miklos Z. Racz , Cyrus Rashtchian

Two of the most prominent unresolved conjectures in graph theory, the Albertson-Berman conjecture and the Matheson-Tarjan conjecture, have been extensively studied by many researchers. (AB) Every planar graph of order $n$ has an induced…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Kengo Enami , Naoki Matsumoto , Takamasa Yashima

In this paper we investigate undirected discrete graphical tree models when all the variables in the system are binary, where leaves represent the observable variables and where all the inner nodes are unobserved. A novel approach based on…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-03-06 Piotr Zwiernik , Jim Q. Smith

Tree trace reconstruction aims to learn the binary node labels of a tree, given independent samples of the tree passed through an appropriately defined deletion channel. In recent work, Davies, R\'acz, and Rashtchian used combinatorial…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-02-03 Tatiana Brailovskaya , Miklós Z. Rácz

Tabular neural network (NN) has attracted remarkable attentions and its recent advances have gradually narrowed the performance gap with respect to tree-based models on many public datasets. While the mainstreams focus on calibrating NN to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Xuan Li , Yun Wang , Bo Li

Decision trees are popular machine learning models that are simple to build and easy to interpret. Even though algorithms to learn decision trees date back to almost 50 years, key properties affecting their generalization error are still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-16 Jean-Samuel Leboeuf , Frédéric LeBlanc , Mario Marchand

The depth-weighted tree DWT($f$) with weight function $f:\{0,1,2,\ldots\}\to (0,\infty)$ is a dynamic random tree grown from a root $r$ where vertices arrive consecutively and every new vertex attaches to a parent $u$ with probability…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-18 Lyuben Lichev , Amitai Linker , Bas Lodewijks , Dieter Mitsche

Every binary De~Bruijn sequence of order n satisfies a recursion 0=x_n+x_0+g(x_{n-1}, ..., x_1). Given a function f on (n-1) bits, let N(f; r) be the number of functions generating a De Bruijn sequence of order n which are obtained by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-05-23 Don Coppersmith , Robert C. Rhoades , Jeffrey M. VanderKam

Geometric trees are characterized by their tree-structured layout and spatially constrained nodes and edges, which significantly impacts their topological attributes. This inherent hierarchical structure plays a crucial role in domains such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Zheng Zhang , Allen Zhang , Ruth Nelson , Giorgio Ascoli , Liang Zhao

We introduce a neural network that represents sentences by composing their words according to induced binary parse trees. We use Tree-LSTM as our composition function, applied along a tree structure found by a fully differentiable natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Jean Maillard , Stephen Clark , Dani Yogatama

Pairwise ordered tree alignment are combinatorial objects that appear in RNA secondary structure comparison. However, the usual representation of tree alignments as supertrees is ambiguous, i.e. two distinct supertrees may induce identical…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2016-03-08 Cedric Chauve , Julien Courtiel , Yann Ponty

We study the counting problem of rigid quadrangulations, recently introduced by Budd and proven to be in bijection with colorful quadrangulations. The generating function for the latter has been derived in an algebraic manner by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-30 Bart Zonneveld

A subset of leaves of a rooted tree induces a new tree in a natural way. The density of a tree $D$ inside a larger tree $T$ is the proportion of such leaf-induced subtrees in $T$ that are isomorphic to $D$ among all those with the same…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-05-12 Audace A. V. Dossou-Olory , Stephan Wagner

Random tensor models are generalizations of matrix models which also support a 1/N expansion. The dominant observables are in correspondence with some trees, namely rooted trees with vertices of degree at most $D$ and lines colored by a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2012-06-20 Valentin Bonzom , Razvan Gurau

We show that every n-point tree metric admits a (1+eps)-embedding into a C(eps) log n-dimensional L_1 space, for every eps > 0, where C(eps) = O((1/eps)^4 log(1/eps)). This matches the natural volume lower bound up to a factor depending…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2011-09-07 James R. Lee , Arnaud de Mesmay , Mohammad Moharrami

Ternary paths consist of an up-step of one unit, a down-step of two units, never go below the $x$-axis, and return to the $x$-axis. This paper addresses the enumeration of partial ternary paths, ending at a given level $i$, reading the path…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-30 Helmut Prodinger

The properties of randomly evolving special trees having defined and analyzed already in two earlier papers (arXiv:cond-mat/0205650 and arXiv:cond-mat/0211092) have been investigated in the case when the continuous time parameter converges…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 L. Pal