Related papers: An Alternative Cracking of The Genetic Code
We investigate the possibility of encoding multiple solutions of a problem in a single chromosome. The best solution encoded in an individual will represent (will provide the fitness of) that individual. In order to obtain some benefits the…
The standard genetic code multiplet structure as well as the correct degeneracies, class by class, are all extracted from the (unique) number 23, the order of the permutation group of 23 objects.
Living organisms are the most complex, interesting and significant objects regarding all substructures of the universe. Life science is regarded as a science of the 21st century and one can expect great new discoveries in the near futures.…
How to represent the genetic code? Despite the fact that it is extensively known, the DNA mapping into proteins remains as one of the relevant discoveries of genetics. However, modern genomic signal processing usually requires converting…
The universal genetic code presents a fundamental paradox in molecular biology. Recent advances in synthetic biology have demonstrated that the code is remarkably flexible--organisms can survive with 61 codons instead of 64, natural…
In this work it is shown that 20 canonical amino acids (AAs) within genetic code appear to be a whole system with strict distinction in Genetic Code Table (GCT) into some different quantums: 20, 23, 61 amino acid molecules. These molecules…
The genetic code structure into distinct multiplet-classes as well as the numeric degeneracies of the latter are revealed by a two-step process. First, an empirical inventory of the degeneracies (of the shuffled multiplets) in two specific…
In a certain way, this paper presents the continuation of the previous one which discussed the harmonic structure of the genetic code (Rakocevic, 2004). Several new harmonic structures presented in this paper, through specific unity and…
The origin and organizing principles of the genetic code remain fundamental puzzles in life science. The vanishingly low probability of the natural codon-to-amino acid mapping arising by chance has spurred the hypothesis that its structure…
The classical quadratic formula and some of its lesser known variants for solving the quadratic equation are reviewed. Then, a new formula for the roots of a quadratic polynomial is presented.
The paper represents three supplements to the source paper, q-bio/0610044 [q-bio.OT], with three new series of harmonic structures of the genetic code, determined by Gauss arithmetical algorithm; by Table of Minimal Adding, as in…
Genetic Programming is an evolutionary algorithm that generates computer programs, or mathematical expressions, to solve complex problems. In this Guide, we demonstrate how to use Genetic Programming to develop surrogate models to mitigate…
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences) is translated into proteins (amino acid sequences) by living cells. The code defines a mapping between tri-nucleotide sequences,…
We present a completely new version of our arithmetic model of the standard genetic code and compute in a straightforward manner the exact numeric degeneracies of the five multiplets without any trick for the doublets and the sextets, as we…
This paper explains genetic algorithm for novice in this field. Basic philosophy of genetic algorithm and its flowchart are described. Step by step numerical computation of genetic algorithm for solving simple mathematical equality problem…
Solving Quadratic equation is one of the intrinsic interests as it is the simplest nonlinear equations. A novel approach for solving Quadratic Equation based on Genetic Algorithms (GAs) is presented. Genetic Algorithms (GAs) are a technique…
We introduce a genetic programming method for solving multiple Boolean circuit synthesis tasks simultaneously. This allows us to solve a set of elementary logic functions twice as easily as with a direct, single-task approach.
Degeneracy of the genetic code is a biological way to minimize effects of the undesirable mutation changes. Degeneration has a natural description on the 5-adic space of 64 codons $\mathcal{C}_5 (64) = \{n_0 + n_1 5 + n_2 5^2 : n_i = 1, 2,…
This note represents the further progress in understanding the determination of the genetic code by Golden mean (Rakocevic, 1998). Three classes of amino acids that follow from this determination (the 7 "golden" amino acids, 7 of their…
The genetic code is connection between 64 codons, which are building blocks of the genes, and 20 amino acids, which are building blocks of the proteins. In addition to coding amino acids, a few codons code stop signal, which is at the end…