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Stratification in both the design and analysis of randomized clinical trials is common. Despite features in automated randomization systems to re-confirm the stratifying variables, incorrect values of these variables may be entered. These…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-24 Neal Thomas

We consider the problem of low probability estimation: given a machine learning model and a formally-specified input distribution, how can we estimate the probability of a binary property of the model's output, even when that probability is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Gabriel Wu , Jacob Hilton

It is well known that Expected Shortfall (also called Average Value-at-Risk) is a convex risk measure, i. e. Expected Shortfall of a convex linear combination of arbitrary risk positions is not greater than a convex linear combination with…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2019-10-03 Mikhail Tselishchev

Models for epidemic spread typically account for variable risk factors but do not account for the correlation between behavior and risk. Here we extend these models to account for such correlations. We find that a positive correlation…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-08-14 Yoel Sanders

In prior work we have introduced an asymptotic threshold of sufficient randomness for causal inference from observational data. In this paper we extend that prior work in three main ways. First, we show how to empirically estimate a lower…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-07 Brian Knaeble , Braxton Osting , Placede Tshiaba

Study samples often differ from the target populations of inference and policy decisions in non-random ways. Researchers typically believe that such departures from random sampling -- due to changes in the population over time and space, or…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-20 Tamara Broderick , Ryan Giordano , Rachael Meager

In this paper we have suggested a family of estimators for the population mean when study variable itself is qualitative in nature. Expressions for the bias and mean square error (MSE) of the suggested family have been obtained. An…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2011-03-30 Rajesh Singh , Mukesh Kumar , Florentin Smarandache

Affected relatives are essential for pedigree linkage analysis, however, they cause a violation of the independent sample assumption in case-control association studies. To avoid the correlation between samples, a common practice is to take…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2011-05-03 Yaning Yang , Elaine F. Remmers , Chukwuma B. Ogunwole , Daniel L. Kastner , Peter K. Gregersen , Wentian Li

Weighting estimators based on propensity scores are widely used for causal estimation in a variety of contexts, such as observational studies, marginal structural models and interference. They enjoy appealing theoretical properties such as…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-06 Linbo Wang , Yuexia Zhang , Thomas S. Richardson , Xiao-Hua Zhou

In the last months, due to the emergency of Covid-19, questions related to the fact of belonging or not to a particular class of individuals (`infected or not infected'), after being tagged as `positive' or `negative' by a test, have never…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-23 Giulio D'Agostini , Alfredo Esposito

This paper extends my research applying statistical decision theory to treatment choice with sample data, using maximum regret to evaluate the performance of treatment rules. The specific new contribution is to study as-if optimization…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-10-05 Charles F. Manski

Interest in targeted disease prevention has stimulated development of models that assign risks to individuals, using their personal covariates. We need to evaluate these models, and to quantify the gains achieved by expanding a model with…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-06-16 Alice S. Whittemore

Countries officially record the number of COVID-19 cases based on medical tests of a subset of the population with unknown participation bias. For prevalence estimation, the official information is typically discarded and, instead, small…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-12-25 Stéphane Guerrier , Christoph Kuzmics , Maria-Pia Victoria-Feser

Attrition is a common and potentially important threat to internal validity in treatment effect studies. We extend the changes-in-changes approach to identify the average treatment effect for respondents and the entire study population in…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-03-29 Dalia Ghanem , Sarojini Hirshleifer , Désiré Kédagni , Karen Ortiz-Becerra

In this paper we develop a general framework for quantifying how binary risk factors jointly influence a binary outcome. Our key result is an additive expansion of odds ratios as a sum of marginal effects and interaction terms of varying…

In statistical process control, procedures are applied that require relatively strict conditions for their use. If such assumptions are violated, these methods become inefficient, leading to increased incidence of false signals. Therefore,…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2019-01-15 Gejza Dohnal

Balancing a rare and serious possibility against a more common and less serious one is a familiar problem in many situations, such as the prediction of rare diseases. The relative costs of forecasting errors can be used for any prediction…

Methodology · Statistics 2009-05-04 Paul T Seed

Under limited available resources, strategies for mitigating the propagation of an epidemic such as random testing and contact tracing become inefficient. Here, we propose to accurately allocate the resources by computing over time an…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-11-07 Gabriela Bayolo Soler , Miraine Dávila Felipe , Ghislaine Gayraud

Composite likelihood inference has gained much popularity thanks to its computational manageability and its theoretical properties. Unfortunately, performing composite likelihood ratio tests is inconvenient because of their awkward…

Computation · Statistics 2014-08-01 Manuela Cattelan , Nicola Sartori

The accurate estimation of time-varying transmission rates is fundamental for understanding infectious disease dynamics and implementing effective public health interventions. To this end, we propose an improved inverse method for…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-12-17 Shuanglin Jing , Yuting Huang , Hai-Feng Huo