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We propose a method for constructing optimal block designs for experiments on networks. The response model for a given network interference structure extends the linear network effects model to incorporate blocks. The optimality criteria…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-11-26 Vasiliki Koutra , Steven G. Gilmour , Ben M. Parker

In many health policy settings, adaptive interventions target a population of clusters (e.g., schools), with the ultimate intent of impacting outcomes at the level of individuals within the clusters. Health policy researchers can use…

Whenever possible, the efficacy of a new treatment, such as a drug or behavioral intervention, is investigated by randomly assigning some individuals to a treatment condition and others to a control condition, and comparing the outcomes…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-05-04 Patrick C. Staples , Elizabeth L. Ogburn , Jukka-Pekka Onnela

The traditional model specification of stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trials assumes a homogeneous treatment effect across time while adjusting for fixed-time effects. However, when treatment effects vary over time, the constant effect…

Adaptive sample size re-estimation, early stopping, and trial re-design at interim analyses can reduce expected sample sizes in randomised trials. Cluster randomised trials, in which groups of participants are randomly allocated to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-09 Samuel I. Watson , James Martin

Estimating causal effects under interference is pertinent to many real-world settings. Recent work with low-order potential outcomes models uses a rollout design to obtain unbiased estimators that require no interference network…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-12 Mayleen Cortez-Rodriguez , Matthew Eichhorn , Christina Lee Yu

The subject of this work is multiple group random coefficients regression models with several treatments and one control group. Such models are often used for studies with cluster randomized trials. We investigate A-, D- and E-optimal…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-07-27 Maryna Prus

A distinctive feature of a clustered observational study is its multilevel or nested data structure arising from the assignment of treatment, in a non-random manner, to groups or clusters of units or individuals. Examples are ubiquitous in…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-05-02 Luke Keele , Jose R. Zubizarreta

Cluster or group randomized trials (CRTs) are increasingly used for both behavioral and system-level interventions, where entire clusters are randomly assigned to a study condition or intervention. Apart from the assigned cluster-level…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-19 Shubhadeep Chakraborty , Bo Wang , Ram Tiwari , Samiran Ghosh

Experimentation is widely utilized for causal inference and data-driven decision-making across disciplines. In an A/B experiment, for example, an online business randomizes two different treatments (e.g., website designs) to their customers…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-15 Wenxuan Guo , JungHo Lee , Panos Toulis

Matched-pair experimental designs aim to detect treatment effects by pairing participants and comparing within-pair outcome differences. In many situations, the overall effect size across the entire population is small. Then, the focus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Weizhi Li , Gautam Dasarathy , Visar Berisha

In this article, we develop methods for sample size and power calculations in four-level intervention studies when intervention assignment is carried out at any level, with a particular focus on cluster randomized trials (CRTs). CRTs…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-07 Xueqi Wang , Elizabeth L. Turner , John S. Preisser , Fan Li

The clustered observational study (COS) design is the observational study counterpart to the clustered randomized trial. In a COS, a treatment is assigned to intact groups, and all units within the group are exposed to the treatment.…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-06-22 Ting Ye , Ted Westling , Lindsay Page , Luke Keele

In non-network settings, encouragement designs have been widely used to analyze causal effects of a treatment, policy, or intervention on an outcome of interest when randomizing the treatment was considered impractical or when compliance to…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-09-16 Hyunseung Kang , Guido Imbens

Randomized trials are often conducted with separate randomizations across multiple sites such as schools, voting districts, or hospitals. These sites can differ in important ways, including the site's implementation, local conditions, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-03-19 Lo-Hua Yuan , Avi Feller , Luke W. Miratrix

Background: In settings where proof-of-principle trials have succeeded but the effectiveness of different forms of implementation remains uncertain, trials that not only generate information about intervention effects but also provide…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2017-05-16 Guy Harling , Rui Wang , Jukka-Pekka Onnela , Victor De Gruttola

We consider experiments for comparing treatments using units that are ordered linearly over time or space within blocks. In addition to the block effect, we assume that a trend effect influences the response. The latter is modeled as a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-12-18 Dibyen Majumdar , John Stufken

It is recognised that treatment-related clustering should be allowed for in the sample size and analyses of individually-randomised parallel-group trials that evaluate therapist-delivered interventions such as psychotherapy. Here,…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Rebecca EA Walwyn , Rosemary A Bailey , Arpan Singh , Neil Corrigan , Steven G Gilmour

We investigate the optimal design of experimental studies that have pre-treatment outcome data available. The average treatment effect is estimated as the difference between the weighted average outcomes of the treated and control units. A…

Cluster randomized trials (CRTs) are studies where treatment is randomized at the cluster level but outcomes are typically collected at the individual level. When CRTs are employed in pragmatic settings, baseline population characteristics…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-22 Mary M. Ryan , Denise Esserman , Fan Li