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We say that a finite factor $f$ of a word $w$ is \emph{imaged} if there exists a non-erasing morphism $m$, distinct from the identity, such that $w$ contains $m(f)$. We show that every infinite word contains an imaged factor of length at…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-01 Pascal Ochem , Matthieu Rosenfeld

The factor complexity ${\mathcal C}_{\mathbf u}$ of a sequence ${\mathbf u} = u_0u_1u_2 \cdots$ over a finite alphabet counts the number of factors of length $n$ occurring in $\mathbf u$, i.e., ${\mathcal C}_{\mathbf u}(n) = \#{\mathcal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-18 Lubomíra Dvořáková , Edita Pelantová

Given a countable set X (usually taken to be the natural numbers or integers), an infinite permutation, \pi, of X is a linear ordering of X. This paper investigates the combinatorial complexity of infinite permutations on the natural…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2011-08-19 Steven Widmer

This work describes the number of restricted finite words in the alphabet A={a,b} required to identify an infinite word with some period n in the set of all infinite words in this alphabet given up to a shift. Also reviewed the case of…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2013-01-15 Petr Lavrov

We consider the problem of factoring permutations as a product of special types of transpositions, namely, those transpositions involving two positions with bounded distances. In particular, we investigate the minimum number, $\delta$, such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-06-08 Zejun Huang , Chi-Kwong Li , Sharon H. Li , Nung-Sing Sze

We construct an infinite word $w$ over the $5$-letter alphabet such that for every factor $f$ of $w$ of length at least two, there exists a cyclic permutation of $f$ that is not a factor of $w$. In other words, $w$ does not contain a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-21 Golnaz Badkobeh , Pascal Ochem

In this paper, we provide a new characterization of uniformly recurrent words with finite defect based on a relation between the palindromic and factor complexity. Furthermore, we introduce a class of morphisms P_ret closed under…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-02-05 Lubomíra Balková , Edita Pelantová , Štěpán Starosta

If an infinite non-periodic word is uniformly recurrent or is of bounded repetition, then the limit of its periodicity complexity is infinity. Moreover, there are uniformly recurrent words with the periodicity complexity arbitrarily high at…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-18 Štěpán Holub

We investigate the least number of palindromic factors in an infinite word. We first consider general alphabets, and give answers to this problem for periodic and non-periodic words, closed or not under reversal of factors. We then…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2014-07-15 Gabriele Fici , Luca Q. Zamboni

The exponent of a word is the ratio of its length over its smallest period. The repetitive threshold r(a) of an a-letter alphabet is the smallest rational number for which there exists an infinite word whose finite factors have exponent at…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-08-19 Golnaz Badkobeh , Maxime Crochemore

We enumerate factorizations of a Coxeter element in a well generated complex reflection group into arbitrary factors, keeping track of the fixed space dimension of each factor. In the infinite families of generalized permutations, our…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-07 Joel Brewster Lewis , Alejandro H. Morales

We study how much injective morphisms can increase the repetitiveness of a given word. This question has a few possible variations depending on the meaning of ``repetitiveness''. We concentrate on fractional exponents of finite words and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-06 Eva Foster , Aleksi Saarela , Aleksi Vanhatalo

This paper studies the complexity of languages of finite words using automata theory. To go beyond the class of regular languages, we consider infinite automata and the notion of state complexity defined by Karp. Motivated by the seminal…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-12-25 Nathanaël Fijalkow

Motivated by the problem of finding finite versions of classical incompleteness theorems, we present some conjectures that go beyond ${\bf NP\neq co NP}$. These conjectures formally connect computational complexity with the difficulty of…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-05-22 Pavel Pudlak

We consider the Lambek calculus, or non-commutative multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic, extended with iteration, or Kleene star, axiomatised by means of an $\omega$-rule, and prove that the derivability problem in this calculus is…

Logic · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Stepan Kuznetsov

We study the notion of limit sets of cellular automata associated with probability measures (mu-limit sets). This notion was introduced by P. Kurka and A. Maass. It is a refinement of the classical notion of omega-limit sets dealing with…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Laurent Boyer , Victor Poupet , Guillaume Theyssier

We consider the complexities of substitutive sequences over a binary alphabet. By studying various types of special words, we show that, knowing some initial values, its complexity can be completely formulated via a recurrence formula…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-16 Bo Tan , Zhi-Xiong Wen , Yiping Zhang

We introduce the notion of $\alpha$-numbers and formal intercept of sturmian words, and derive from this study general factorisations formula for sturmian words. Sturmian words are defined as infinite words with lowest unbound complexity,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-21 Caius Wojcik

In this paper we address the decision problem for a fragment of set theory with restricted quantification which extends the language studied in [4] with pair related quantifiers and constructs, in view of possible applications in the field…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-10-10 Domenico Cantone , Cristiano Longo

The subword complexity of a word $w$ over a finite alphabet $\mathcal{A}$ is a function that assigns for each positive integer $n$, the number of distinct subwords of length $n$ in $w$. The subword complexity of a word is a good measure of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-09-16 Hannah Vogel