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The use of quantum bits (qubits) in cryptography holds the promise of secure cryptographic quantum key distribution schemes. Unfortunately, the implemented schemes can be totally insecure. We provide a thorough investigation of security…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Gilles Brassard , Norbert Lütkenhaus , Tal Mor , Barry C. Sanders

Space-based distribution of quantum entanglement will be essential for global quantum networking and secure communications. Modelling and analysis of the performance of satellite entanglement pair distribution is important for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-13 Jasminder S. Sidhu , Sarah E. McCarthy , Cameron Paterson , Daniel K. L. Oi

Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers a reliable solution to communication problems that require long-term data security. For its widespread use, however, the rate and reach of QKD systems must be improved. Twin-field (TF) QKD is a step…

We present a security analysis against collective attacks for the recently proposed time-energy entanglement-based quantum key distribution protocol, given the practical constraints of single photon detector efficiency, channel loss, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-02-24 Catherine Lee , Jacob Mower , Zheshen Zhang , Jeffrey H. Shapiro , Dirk Englund

Mutually unbiased bases have been extensively studied in the literature and are simple and effective in quantum key distribution protocols, but they are not optimal. Here equiangular spherical codes are introduced as a more efficient and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-23 Joseph M. Renes

Precise quantum key distribution (QKD) secure bound analysis is essential for practical QKD systems. The effect of uniformity of random number seed for privacy amplification is not considered in existing secure bound analysis. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-19 Bingze Yan , Yucheng Qiao , Qiong Li , Haokun Mao

The need for secrecy and security is essential in communication. Secret sharing is a conventional protocol to distribute a secret message to a group of parties, who cannot access it individually but need to cooperate in order to decode it.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-16 Ioannis Kogias , Yu Xiang , Qiongyi He , Gerardo Adesso

Quantum key distribution (QKD) via geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) satellites offers a compelling route to continuous, continental-scale secure communications. However, operation in this regime entails extreme channel loss and significant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Vaisakh Mannalath , Víctor Zapatero , Marcos Curty

Quantum key distribution(QKD) is one of the most significant areas in quantum information theory. For nearly four decades, substantial QKD schemes are developed. In early years, the security of QKD protocols is depend on switching different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-12 Hao Shu

A new cryptographic tool, anonymous quantum key technique, is introduced that leads to unconditionally secure key distribution and encryption schemes that can be readily implemented experimentally in a realistic environment. If quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Horace P. Yuen

It is demonstrated that for the entanglement-based version of the Bennett-Brassard (BB84) quantum key distribution protocol, Alice and Bob share provable entanglement if and only if the estimated qubit error rate is below 25% or above 75%.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Georgios M. Nikolopoulos , Gernot Alber

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution exploits coherent measurements of the electromagnetic field, i.e., homodyne or heterodyne detection. The most advanced security proofs developed so far relied on idealised mathematical models for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-18 Cosmo Lupo , Yingkai Ouyang

It is widely believed that quantum key distribution (QKD) has been proved unconditionally secure for realistic models applicable to various current experimental schemes. Here we summarize briefly why this is not the case, from both the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-30 Horace P. Yuen

We analyze the performance of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols that rely on discrete phase randomization (DPR). For many QKD protocols that rely on weak coherent pulses (WCPs), continuous phase randomization is assumed, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Zhaohui Liu , Ahmed Lawey , Mohsen Razavi

We review the current status of security proofs for practical decoy-state Quantum Key Distribution using the BB84 protocol, focusing on optical implementations with weak coherent pulses and threshold photodetectors. The primary aim of this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-19 Devashish Tupkary , Ernest Y. -Z. Tan , Shlok Nahar , Lars Kamin , Norbert Lütkenhaus

The six-state protocol is a discrete-variable protocol for quantum key distribution, that permits to tolerate a noisier channel than the BB84 protocol. In this work we provide a lower bound on the maximum achievable key rate of a practical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-14 Silvestre Abruzzo , Markus Mertz , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

The mode pairing quantum key distribution (MP-QKD) protocol has attracted considerable attention for its capability to ensure high secure key rates over long distances without requiring global phase locking. However, ensuring symmetric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-30 Zhenhua Li , Tianqi Dou , Yuheng Xie , Weiwen Kong , Yang Liu , Haiqiang Ma , Jianjun Tang

It has been shown that in the asymptotic case of infinite-key length the 2-decoy state QKD protocol outperforms the 1-decoy state protocol. Here, we present a finite-key analysis of the 1-decoy method. Interestingly, we find that for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 Davide Rusca , Alberto Boaron , Fadri Grünenfelder , Anthony Martin , Hugo Zbinden

Decoy states have recently been proposed as a useful method for substantially improving the performance of quantum key distribution. Here, we present a general theory of the decoy state protocol based on only two decoy states and one signal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 X. Ma , B. Qi , Y. Zhao , H. -K. Lo

The Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol (BB84 protocol) is one of the simplest protocols for implementing quantum key distribution (QKD). In the protocol, the sender and the receiver iteratively choose one of two complementary measurement bases.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Shun Kawakami , Atsushi Taniguchi , Yoshihide Tonomura , Koichi Takasugi , Koji Azuma