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We explore the sense in which the state of a physical system may or may not be regarded (an) observable in quantum mechanics. Simple and general arguments from various lines of approach are reviewed which demonstrate the following no-go…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. Busch

The fact that not all quantum observables are jointly measurable is one of the major differences between quantum and classical theory. In the former, non-commuting observables can only be simultaneously measured with limited precision. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-17 Gilles Pütz , Tomer Barnea , Nicolas Gisin , Anthony Martin

In this paper, we present a collection of results on the observability of quantum mechanical systems, in the case the output is the result of a discrete nonselective measurement. By defining an effective observable we extend previous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. D'Alessandro , R. Romano

In the conventional formulation, it is broadly accepted that simultaneous measurability and commutativity of observables are equivalent. However, several objections have been claimed that there are cases in which even nowhere commuting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-28 Masanao Ozawa

The existence of incompatibility is one of the most fundamental features of quantum theory, and can be found at the core of many of the theory's distinguishing features, such as Bell inequality violations and the no-broadcasting theorem. A…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-06-27 Sergey N. Filippov , Teiko Heinosaari , Leevi Leppäjärvi

The recently established universal uncertainty principle revealed that two nowhere commuting observables can be measured simultaneously in some state, whereas they have no joint probability distribution in any state. Thus, one measuring…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-24 Masanao Ozawa

Two quantum effects are considered coexistent if they can be measured together. It is known that commutativity and comparability are sufficient but not necessary for the coexistence of two effects. We unify those two conditions to a simple…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-05 Teiko Heinosaari

Some measurements in quantum mechanics disturb each other. This has puzzled physicists since the formulation of the theory, but only in recent decades has the incompatibility of measurements been analyzed in depth and detail, using the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-14 Otfried Gühne , Erkka Haapasalo , Tristan Kraft , Juha-Pekka Pellonpää , Roope Uola

We consider joint measurement of two and three unsharp qubit observables through an Arthur-Kelly type joint measurement model for qubits. We investigate the effect of initial state of the detectors on the unsharpness of the measurement as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-18 Rajarshi Pal , Sibasish Ghosh

Measurements in quantum theory can fail to be jointly measurable. Like entanglement, this incompatibility of measurements is necessary but not sufficient for violating Bell inequalities. The (in)compatibility relations among a set of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-21 Shiv Akshar Yadavalli , Nikola Andrejic , Ravi Kunjwal

Observables and instruments have played significant roles in recent studies on the foundations of quantum mechanics. Sequential products of effects and conditioned observables have also been introduced. After an introduction in Section~1,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-19 Stan Gudder

In Quantum Physics there are circumstances where the direct measurement of particular observables encounters diffculties; in some of these cases, however, its value can be evaluated, i.e. it can be inferred by measuring another observable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-23 Giuseppe Nisticò , Angela Sestito

Given a composite quantum system in which the states of the subsystems are independently (but not necessarily identically) prepared, we construct separate measurements on the subsystems from any given joint measurement such that the former…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-01-06 Chi-Hang Fred Fung , H. F. Chau

A pair of quantum observables diagonal in the same "incoherent" basis can be measured jointly, so some coherence is obviously required for measurement incompatibility. Here we first observe that coherence in a single observable is linked to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-11 Jukka Kiukas , Daniel McNulty , Juha-Pekka Pellonpää

Measurement outcomes provide data for a physical theory. Unless they are objective they support no objective scientific knowledge. So the outcome of a quantum measurement must be an objective physical fact. But recent arguments purport to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-06 Richard Healey

We introduce a framework for simulating quantum measurements based on classical processing of a set of accessible measurements. Well-known concepts such as joint measurability and projective simulability naturally emerge as particular cases…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-27 Leonardo Guerini , Jessica Bavaresco , Marcelo Terra Cunha , Antonio Acín

A quantum observable and a channel are considered compatible if they form parts of the same measurement device, otherwise they are incompatible. Constrains on compatibility between observables and channels can be quantified via relations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-28 T. Heinosaari , D. Reitzner , T. Rybár , M. Ziman

How well can multiple incompatible observables be implemented by a single measurement? This is a fundamental problem in quantum mechanics with wide implications for the performance optimization of numerous tasks in quantum information…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Hongzhen Chen , Lingna Wang , Haidong Yuan

For a pair of observables, they are called "incompatible", if and only if the commutator between them does not vanish, which represents one of the key features in quantum mechanics. The question is, how can we characterize the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-02 Yunlong Xiao , Cheng Guo , Fei Meng , Naihuan Jing , Man-Hong Yung

Simple joint measurements of pairs of observables reveal that states considered universally as classical-like, such as SU(2) spin coherent states, Glauber coherent states, and thermal states are actually nonclassical. We show that this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-13 Alfredo Luis , Laura Monroy