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A feasible route towards implementing long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) systems relies on probabilistic schemes for entanglement distribution and swapping as proposed in the work of Duan, Lukin, Cirac, and Zoller (DLCZ) [Nature…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-17 Jeyran Amirloo , Mohsen Razavi , A. Hamed Majedi

Owing to the inevitable loss in communication channels, the distance of entanglement distribution is limited to approximately 100 kilometres on the ground. Quantum repeaters can circumvent this problem by using quantum memory and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-08 Xiao Liu , Jun Hu , Zong-Feng Li , Xue Li , Pei-Yun Li , Peng-Jun Liang , Zong-Quan Zhou , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

Quantum repeaters enable the generation of reliable entanglement across long distances despite the underlying channel noise. Nevertheless, realizing quantum repeaters poses a difficult engineering challenge due to various device constraints…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-29 Shin Sun , Daniel Bhatti , Shaobo Gao , David Elkouss , Hiroki Takahashi

We present a quantum repeater protocol for distributing entanglement over long distances, where a dedicated communication stage enables trial rates not limited by the travel time between repeater nodes. To accomplish this, each node…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Adam Kinos , Andreas Walther , Stefan Kröll , Lars Rippe

We investigate the influence of memory errors in the quantum repeater scheme for long-range quantum communication. We show that the communication distance is limited in standard operation mode due to memory errors resulting from unavoidable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 L. Hartmann , B. Kraus , H. -J. Briegel , W. Dür

Generating entanglement deterministically at a capacity-approaching rate is critical for next-generation quantum networks. We propose weak-coherent-state-assisted protocols that can generate entanglement near-deterministically between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-06 Chaohan Cui , Prajit Dhara , Saikat Guha

Quantum repeaters, which are indispensable for long-distance quantum communication, are necessary for extending the entanglement from short distance to long distance; however, high-rate entanglement distribution, even between adjacent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-26 Daisuke Yoshida , Kazuya Niizeki , Shuhei Tamura , Tomoyuki Horikiri

We propose a repeat-until-success protocol to improve the performance of probabilistic quantum repeaters. Quantum repeaters rely on passive static linear optics elements and photodetectors to perform Bell-state measurements (BSMs).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-09-10 David Edward Bruschi , Thomas M. Barlow , Mohsen Razavi , Almut Beige

Quantum networks, integrating quantum communication, quantum metrology, and distributed quantum computing, could provide secure and efficient information transfer, high-resolution sensing, and an exponential speed-up in information…

Quantum repeater is one of the important building blocks for long distance quantum communication network. The previous quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optical elements can only be performed with a maximal success…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-03 Tao Li , Fu-Guo Deng

The distribution of quantum states over long distances is limited by photon loss. Straightforward amplification as in classical telecommunications is not an option in quantum communication because of the no-cloning theorem. This problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-03-25 Nicolas Sangouard , Christoph Simon , Hugues de Riedmatten , Nicolas Gisin

Entanglement distribution through existing telecommunication infrastructure is crucial for realizing large-scale quantum networks. However, distance limitations imposed by photon losses and the no-cloning theorem present significant…

Quantum repeaters represent one possible way to achieve long-distance quantum key distribution. Collins et al. in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 060502 (2007)] proposed multiplexing as method to increase the repeater rate and to decrease the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-08 Silvestre Abruzzo , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

At the core of the quantum Internet lie quantum repeaters that enable remote end-to-end entanglement generation. Fundamentally, the entanglement generation rate and fidelity of quantum repeaters constitute the bottleneck for end-to-end…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Karim S. Elsayed , Amr Rizk

Satellite-based quantum repeaters are a promising means to reach global distances in quantum networking due to the polynomial decrease of optical transmission with distance in free space, in contrast to the exponential decrease in optical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-15 V. Domínguez Tubío , M. Badás Aldecocea , J. van Dam , A. S. Sørensen , J. Borregaard

We propose a realistic protocol to generate entanglement between quantum memories at neighboring nodes in hybrid quantum repeaters. Generated entanglement includes only one type of error, which enables efficient entanglement distillation.…

Developing and deploying advanced Quantum Repeater (QR) technologies will be necessary to scale quantum networks to longer distances. Depending on the error mitigation mechanisms adopted to suppress loss and errors, QRs are typically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-30 Chuen Hei Chan , Charu Jain , Ezra Kissel , Wenji Wu , Edwin Barnes , Sophia E. Economou , Inder Monga

We investigate quantum repeaters in the context of quantum key distribution. We optimize the secret key rate per memory per second with respect to different distillation protocols and distillation strategies. For this purpose, we also…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-06-27 Sylvia Bratzik , Silvestre Abruzzo , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

Long-distance quantum communication via entanglement distribution is of great importance for the quantum internet. However, scaling up to such long distances has proved challenging due to the loss of photons, which grows exponentially with…

Quantum optical states are fragile and can become corrupted when passed through a lossy communication channel. Unlike for classical signals, optical amplifiers cannot be used to recover quantum signals. Quantum repeaters have been proposed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-15 Josephine Dias , Timothy C Ralph