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Related papers: Formation of Jets and Equatorial Superrotation on …

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The giant planet atmospheres exhibit alternating prograde (eastward) and retrograde (westward) jets of different speeds and widths, with an equatorial jet that is prograde on Jupiter and Saturn and retrograde on Uranus and Neptune. The jets…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Junjun Liu , Tapio Schneider

The mean zonal flow observed on Jupiter consists of an intricate pattern of jets, or bands of zonal flow moving prograde or retrograde compared to the bulk planetary rotation. The strongest flow is a superrotating (prograde) jet near the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-25 Loren Matilsky , Geoffrey Vallis , Matthew Browning , Nicholas Brummell

We present highlights from a large set of simulations of a hot Jupiter atmosphere, nominally based on HD 209458b, aimed at exploring both the evolution of the deep atmosphere, and the acceleration of the zonal flow or jet. We find the…

The increasing richness of exoplanet observations has motivated a variety of three-dimensional atmospheric circulation models of these planets. Under strongly irradiated conditions, models of tidally locked, short-period planets (both hot…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Adam P. Showman , Lorenzo M. Polvani

Zonal flows in rapidly-rotating celestial objects such as the Sun, gas or ice giants form in a variety of surface patterns and amplitudes. Whereas the differential rotation on the Sun, Jupiter and Saturn features a super-rotating equatorial…

Geophysics · Physics 2016-09-09 Wieland Dietrich , Thomas Gastine , Johannes Wicht

Three-dimensional numerical simulations show that large-scale latent heating resulting from condensation of water vapor can produce multiple zonal jets similar to those on the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and ice giants (Uranus and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-14 Yuan Lian , Adam P. Showman

Context. Atmospheric superrotating flows at the equator are an almost ubiquitous result of simulations of hot Jupiters, and a theory explaining how this zonally coherent flow reaches an equilibrium has been developed in the literature.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-08 Florian Debras , Nathan Mayne , Isabelle Baraffe , Etienne Jaupart , Pierre Mourier , Guillaume Laibe , Tom Goffrey , John Thuburn

The surface winds of Jupiter and Saturn are primarily zonal. Each planet exhibits strong prograde equatorial flow flanked by multiple alternating zonal winds at higher latitudes. The depth to which these flows penetrate has long been…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 T. Gastine , M. Heimpel , J. Wicht

Observations have shown that there exists downward propagation of alternating westward/eastward jets in Jupiter's equatorial stratosphere, with a quasi-period between four and six years. This phenomenon is generally called the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-26 Yuchen Lian , Xianyu Tan , Yongyun Hu

During recent decades, data from space missions have provided strong evidence of deep liquid oceans underneath a thin outer icy crust on several moons of Jupiter, particularly Europa. But these observations have also raised many unanswered…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-03-13 Christophe Gissinger , Ludovic Petitdemange

In hot and ultra-hot Jupiters, stellar irradiation is a primary driver of atmospheric circulation and the wave structures that sustain it. We aim to investigate how variations in radiative and dynamical timescales influence global flow…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-02 C. Akın , K. Heng , J. M. Mendonça , R. Deitrick , L. Gkouvelis

Jupiter's atmosphere comprises several dynamical regimes: the equatorial eastward flows and surrounding retrograde jets; the midlatitudes, with the eddy-driven, alternating jet-streams and meridional circulation cells; and the jet-free…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-19 Keren Duer , Eli Galanti , Yohai Kaspi

The eddy fluxes of angular momentum in Jupiter's upper troposphere are known to converge in prograde jets and diverge in retrograde jets. Away from the equator, this implies convergence of the Eulerian mean meridional flow in zones…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-09-04 João M. Mendonça , Tapio Schneider , Junjun Liu , Yuan Lian

Many hot and ultra-hot Jupiters have inflated radii, implying that their interiors retain significant entropy from formation. These hot interiors lead to an enhanced internal heat flux that impinges upon the atmosphere from below. In this…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-29 Thaddeus D. Komacek , Peter Gao , Daniel P. Thorngren , Erin M. May , Xianyu Tan

The equatorial jets dominating the dynamics of the Jovian planets exhibit two distinct types of zonal flows: strongly eastward in the gas giants (superrotation) and strongly westward in the ice giants (subrotation). Existing theories…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-10 Keren Duer-Milner , Nimrod Gavriel , Eli Galanti , Eli Tziperman , Yohai Kaspi

Ultra-hot Jupiters, an extreme class of planets not found in our solar system, provide a unique window into atmospheric processes. The extreme temperature contrasts between their day- and night-sides pose a fundamental climate puzzle: how…

It remains puzzling why, despite their similar nature, Jupiter and Saturn possess a prograde equatorial jet, whereas Uranus and Neptune have a retrograde one. To understand this discrepancy, we use a two-dimensional quasi-geostrophic model…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-20 Yaoxuan Zeng , Wanying Kang , Glenn R. Flierl , Geoffrey K. Vallis

The atmospheric circulation in the upper atmosphere of hot Jupiter planets is strongly influenced by the incoming stellar radiation. In this work we explore the results from a 3D atmospheric model and revisit the main processes driving the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-08 João M. Mendonça

Gaseous giants are characterized by their deep atmospheres, which lack clear boundaries with their interiors; therefore, their internal states could directly influence atmospheric dynamics. So far, most modeling studies have considered deep…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-31 Yuchen Lian , Pengshuo Duan , Dali Kong

Jupiter's atmosphere-interior is a coupled fluid dynamical system strongly influenced by the rapid background rotation. While the visible atmosphere features east-west zonal winds on the order of 100 m/s (Tollefson et al. 2017), zonal flows…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-12-11 Hao Cao , Jeremy Bloxham , Ryan S. Park , Burkhard Militzer , Rakesh K. Yadav , Laura Kulowski , David J. Stevenson , Scott J. Bolton
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