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The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator colliding beams of protons and lead ions at energies up to 7 ZTeV, Z is the atomic…

ATLAS is a multipurpose experiment at the LHC. The tracking system of ATLAS, embedded in a 2 T solenoidal field, is composed of different technologies: silicon planar sensors (pixel and microstrips) and drift-tubes. The procedure used to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2019-08-13 Ana Ovcharova

LHCb is a general purpose forward detector located at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. Although initially optimized for the study of hadrons containing beauty quarks, the better than expected performance of the detector hardware and…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-06-29 Vladimir Vava Gligorov

Mainly due to their outstanding performance the position sensitive silicon detectors are widely used in the tracking systems of High Energy Physics experiments such as the ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb at LHC, the world's largest particle…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-11-16 Timo Peltola

LHCb is an experiment dedicated to study CP violation and other rare phenomena in B mesons decays with very high precision. It is one of the four experiments that will operate at the 14Tev proton-proton Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2010-11-05 Pablo Vazquez-Regueiro

The alignment of tracking detectors is crucial for the physics programme at the LHC, especially for precision measurements like the W mass. The alignment of the ATLAS silicon tracking detectors with a total of 5832 modules poses an…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2008-08-05 Oleg Brandt

We present an improved hybrid algorithm for vertexing, that combines deep learning with conventional methods. Even though the algorithm is a generic approach to vertex finding, we focus here on it's application as an alternative Primary…

This article describes a custom VHDL firmware implementation of a two-dimensional cluster-finder architecture for reconstructing hit positions in the new vertex pixel detector (VELO) that is part of the LHCb Upgrade. This firmware has been…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-06-21 G. Bassi , L. Giambastiani , K. Hennessy , F. Lazzari , M. J. Morello , T. Pajero , A. Fernandez Prieto , G. Punzi

Pixel vertex detectors are THE instrument of choice for the tracking of charged particles close to the interaction point at the LHC. Hybrid pixel detectors, in which sensor and read-out IC are separate entities, constitute the present state…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2009-09-29 Norbert Wermes

ATLAS is one of the two general purpose detectors at the world's largest particle accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The LHC will be colliding proton beams at a center of mass energy {\surd}s= 14 TeV and is currently operating at…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2010-10-11 Mahsana Ahsan

The BABAR Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) is a five-layer double-sided silicon detector designed to provide precise measurements of the position and direction of primary tracks, and to fully reconstruct low-momentum tracks produced in e+e-…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2010-11-11 D. N. Brown , A. V. Gritsan , Z. J. Guo , D. Roberts

The software alignment of planar tracking detectors using samples of charged particle trajectories may lead to global detector distortions that affect vertex and momentum resolution. We present an alignment procedure that constrains such…

The laser alignment system of the ZEUS microvertex detector is described. The detector was installed in 2001 as part of an upgrade programme in preparation for the second phase of electron-proton physics at the HERA collider. The alignment…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2008-08-07 K. Korcsak-Gorzo , G. Grzelak , K. Oliver , M. Dawson , R. Devenish , J. Ferrando , T. Matsushita , P. Shield , R. Walczak

Typical vertex finding algorithms use reconstructed tracks, registered in a multi-layer detector, which directly point to the common point of origin. A detector with a single layer of silicon sensors registers the passage of primary…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2008-11-26 E. Garcia , R. S. Hollis , A. Olszewski , I. C. Park , M. Reuter , G. Roland , P. Steinberg , K. Wozniak , A. H. Wuosmaa

LHCb is a dedicated b-physics experiment at the future LHC collider. Its construction has started and it will be ready to take data from the start of LHC operation, scheduled in 2007, and directly at its full physics potential. LHCb will…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2010-11-11 Pascal Perret

LHC will offer the opportunity of probing the mass scale of the electro-weak symmetry breaking. Thus we expect to uncover direct manifestations of physics beyond the Standard Model, which will raise new questions that may be elucidated by…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2009-03-10 Marina Artuso

In 2015, the LHCb experiment established a new and unique software trigger strategy with the purpose of increasing the purity of the signal events by applying the same algorithms online and offline. To achieve this, real-time calibration…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-03-14 Jibo He

CLIC is a proposed linear $e^+e^-$ collider with center-of-mass energies of up to 3 TeV. Its main objectives are precise top quark, Higgs boson and Beyond Standard Model physics. In addition to spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and a…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-03-10 Simon Spannagel

The LHCb detector is a forward spectrometer at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. The experiment is designed for precision measurements of CP violation and rare decays of beauty and charm hadrons. In this paper the performance of the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2016-08-10 LHCb collaboration , R. Aaij , B. Adeva , M. Adinolfi , A. Affolder , Z. Ajaltouni , S. Akar , J. Albrecht , F. Alessio , M. Alexander , S. Ali , G. Alkhazov , P. Alvarez Cartelle , A. A. Alves , S. Amato , S. Amerio , Y. Amhis , L. An , L. Anderlini , J. Anderson , R. Andreassen , M. Andreotti , J. E. Andrews , R. B. Appleby , O. Aquines Gutierrez , F. Archilli , A. Artamonov , M. Artuso , E. Aslanides , G. Auriemma , M. Baalouch , S. Bachmann , J. J. Back , A. Badalov , C. Baesso , W. Baldini , R. J. Barlow , C. Barschel , S. Barsuk , W. Barter , V. Batozskaya , V. Battista , A. Bay , L. Beaucourt , J. Beddow , F. Bedeschi , I. Bediaga , S. Belogurov , K. Belous , I. Belyaev , E. Ben-Haim , G. Bencivenni , S. Benson , J. Benton , A. Berezhnoy , R. Bernet , M. -O. Bettler , M. van Beuzekom , A. Bien , S. Bifani , T. Bird , A. Bizzeti , P. M. Bjørnstad , T. Blake , F. Blanc , J. Blouw , S. Blusk , V. Bocci , A. Bondar , N. Bondar , W. Bonivento , S. Borghi , A. Borgia , M. Borsato , T. J. V. Bowcock , E. Bowen , C. Bozzi , T. Brambach , J. Bressieux , D. Brett , M. Britsch , T. Britton , J. Brodzicka , N. H. Brook , H. Brown , A. Bursche , J. Buytaert , S. Cadeddu , R. Calabrese , M. Calvi , M. Calvo Gomez , P. Campana , D. Campora Perez , A. Carbone , G. Carboni , R. Cardinale , A. Cardini , L. Carson , K. Carvalho Akiba , G. Casse , L. Cassina , L. Castillo Garcia , M. Cattaneo , Ch. Cauet , R. Cenci , M. Charles , Ph. Charpentier , M. Chefdeville , S. Chen , S. -F. Cheung , N. Chiapolini , M. Chrzaszcz , K. Ciba , X. Cid Vidal , G. Ciezarek , P. E. L. Clarke , M. Clemencic , H. V. Cliff , J. Closier , V. Coco , J. Cogan , E. Cogneras , V. Cogoni , L. Cojocariu , G. Collazuol , P. Collins , A. Comerma-Montells , A. Contu , A. Cook , M. Coombes , S. Coquereau , G. Corti , M. Corvo , I. Counts , B. Couturier , G. A. Cowan , D. C. Craik , A. C. Crocombe , M. Cruz Torres , S. Cunliffe , R. Currie , C. D'Ambrosio , J. Dalseno , P. David , P. N. Y. David , A. Davis , K. De Bruyn , S. De Capua , M. De Cian , J. M. De Miranda , L. De Paula , W. De Silva , P. De Simone , D. Decamp , M. Deckenhoff , L. Del Buono , N. Déléage , D. Derkach , O. Deschamps , F. Dettori , A. Di Canto , H. Dijkstra , S. Donleavy , F. Dordei , M. Dorigo , A. Dosil Suárez , D. Dossett , A. Dovbnya , K. Dreimanis , G. Dujany , F. Dupertuis , P. Durante , R. Dzhelyadin , A. Dziurda , A. Dzyuba , S. Easo , U. Egede , V. Egorychev , S. Eidelman , S. Eisenhardt , U. Eitschberger , R. Ekelhof , L. Eklund , I. El Rifai , Ch. Elsasser , S. Ely , S. Esen , H. M. Evans , T. Evans , A. Falabella , C. Färber , C. Farinelli , N. Farley , S. Farry , R. Fay , D. Ferguson , V. Fernandez Albor , F. Ferreira Rodrigues , M. Ferro-Luzzi , S. Filippov , M. Fiore , M. Fiorini , M. Firlej , C. Fitzpatrick , T. Fiutowski , P. Fol , M. Fontana , F. Fontanelli , R. Forty , O. Francisco , M. Frank , C. Frei , M. Frosini , J. Fu , E. Furfaro , A. Gallas Torreira , D. Galli , S. Gallorini , S. Gambetta , M. Gandelman , P. Gandini , Y. Gao , J. García Pardiñas , J. Garofoli , J. Garra Tico , L. Garrido , D. Gascon , C. Gaspar , R. Gauld , L. Gavardi , A. Geraci , E. Gersabeck , M. Gersabeck , T. Gershon , Ph. Ghez , A. Gianelle , S. Gianì , V. Gibson , L. Giubega , V. V. Gligorov , C. Göbel , D. Golubkov , A. Golutvin , A. Gomes , C. Gotti , M. Grabalosa Gándara , R. Graciani Diaz , L. A. Granado Cardoso , E. Graugés , E. Graverini , G. Graziani , A. Grecu , E. Greening , S. Gregson , P. Griffith , L. Grillo , O. Grünberg , B. Gui , E. Gushchin , Yu. Guz , T. Gys , C. Hadjivasiliou , G. Haefeli , C. Haen , S. C. Haines , S. Hall , B. Hamilton , T. Hampson , X. Han , S. Hansmann-Menzemer , N. Harnew , S. T. Harnew , J. Harrison , J. He , T. Head , V. Heijne , K. Hennessy , P. Henrard , L. Henry , J. A. Hernando Morata , E. van Herwijnen , M. Heß , A. Hicheur , D. Hill , M. Hoballah , C. Hombach , W. Hulsbergen , P. Hunt , N. Hussain , D. Hutchcroft , D. Hynds , M. Idzik , P. Ilten , R. Jacobsson , A. Jaeger , J. Jalocha , E. Jans , P. Jaton , A. Jawahery , F. Jing , M. John , D. Johnson , C. R. Jones , C. Joram , B. Jost , N. Jurik , S. Kandybei , W. Kanso , M. Karacson , T. M. Karbach , S. Karodia , M. Kelsey , I. R. Kenyon , T. Ketel , B. Khanji , C. Khurewathanakul , S. Klaver , K. Klimaszewski , O. Kochebina , M. Kolpin , I. Komarov , R. F. Koopman , P. Koppenburg , M. Korolev , A. Kozlinskiy , L. Kravchuk , K. Kreplin , M. Kreps , G. Krocker , P. Krokovny , F. Kruse , W. Kucewicz , M. Kucharczyk , V. Kudryavtsev , K. Kurek , T. Kvaratskheliya , V. N. La Thi , D. Lacarrere , G. Lafferty , A. Lai , D. Lambert , R. W. Lambert , G. Lanfranchi , C. Langenbruch , B. Langhans , T. Latham , C. Lazzeroni , R. Le Gac , J. van Leerdam , J. -P. Lees , R. Lefèvre , A. Leflat , J. Lefrançois , S. Leo , O. Leroy , T. Lesiak , B. Leverington , Y. Li , T. Likhomanenko , M. Liles , R. Lindner , C. Linn , F. Lionetto , B. Liu , S. Lohn , I. Longstaff , J. H. Lopes , N. Lopez-March , P. Lowdon , D. Lucchesi , H. Luo , A. Lupato , E. Luppi , O. Lupton , F. Machefert , I. V. Machikhiliyan , F. Maciuc , O. Maev , S. Malde , A. Malinin , G. Manca , G. Mancinelli , A. Mapelli , J. Maratas , J. F. Marchand , U. Marconi , C. Marin Benito , P. Marino , R. Märki , J. Marks , G. Martellotti , A. Martens , A. Martín Sánchez , M. Martinelli , D. Martinez Santos , F. Martinez Vidal , D. Martins Tostes , A. Massafferri , R. Matev , Z. Mathe , C. Matteuzzi , A. Mazurov , M. McCann , J. McCarthy , A. McNab , R. McNulty , B. McSkelly , B. Meadows , F. Meier , M. Meissner , M. Merk , D. A. Milanes , M. -N. Minard , N. Moggi , J. Molina Rodriguez , S. Monteil , M. Morandin , P. Morawski , A. Mordà , M. J. Morello , J. Moron , A. -B. Morris , R. Mountain , F. Muheim , K. Müller , M. Mussini , B. Muster , P. Naik , T. Nakada , R. Nandakumar , I. Nasteva , M. Needham , N. Neri , S. Neubert , N. Neufeld , M. Neuner , A. D. Nguyen , T. D. Nguyen , C. Nguyen-Mau , M. Nicol , V. Niess , R. Niet , N. Nikitin , T. Nikodem , A. Novoselov , D. P. O'Hanlon , A. Oblakowska-Mucha , V. Obraztsov , S. Oggero , S. Ogilvy , O. Okhrimenko , R. Oldeman , C. J. G. Onderwater , M. Orlandea , J. M. Otalora Goicochea , P. Owen , A. Oyanguren , B. K. Pal , A. Palano , F. Palombo , M. Palutan , J. Panman , A. Papanestis , M. Pappagallo , L. L. Pappalardo , C. Parkes , C. J. Parkinson , G. Passaleva , G. D. Patel , M. Patel , C. Patrignani , A. Pearce , A. Pellegrino , G. Penso , M. Pepe Altarelli , S. Perazzini , P. Perret , M. Perrin-Terrin , L. Pescatore , E. Pesen , G. Pessina , K. Petridis , A. Petrolini , E. Picatoste Olloqui , B. Pietrzyk , T. Pilař , D. Pinci , A. Pistone , S. Playfer , M. Plo Casasus , F. Polci , A. Poluektov , I. Polyakov , E. Polycarpo , A. Popov , D. Popov , B. Popovici , C. Potterat , E. Price , J. D. Price , J. Prisciandaro , A. Pritchard , C. Prouve , V. Pugatch , A. Puig Navarro , G. Punzi , W. Qian , B. Rachwal , J. H. Rademacker , B. Rakotomiaramanana , M. Rama , M. S. Rangel , I. Raniuk , N. Rauschmayr , G. Raven , F. Redi , S. Reichert , M. M. Reid , A. C. dos Reis , S. Ricciardi , S. Richards , M. Rihl , K. Rinnert , V. Rives Molina , P. Robbe , A. B. Rodrigues , E. Rodrigues , P. Rodriguez Perez , S. Roiser , V. Romanovsky , A. Romero Vidal , M. Rotondo , J. Rouvinet , T. Ruf , H. Ruiz , P. Ruiz Valls , J. J. Saborido Silva , N. Sagidova , P. Sail , B. Saitta , V. Salustino Guimaraes , C. Sanchez Mayordomo , B. Sanmartin Sedes , R. Santacesaria , C. Santamarina Rios , E. Santovetti , A. Sarti , C. Satriano , A. Satta , D. M. Saunders , D. Savrina , M. Schiller , H. Schindler , M. Schlupp , M. Schmelling , B. Schmidt , O. Schneider , A. Schopper , M. -H. Schune , R. Schwemmer , B. Sciascia , A. Sciubba , A. Semennikov , I. Sepp , N. Serra , J. Serrano , L. Sestini , P. Seyfert , M. Shapkin , I. Shapoval , Y. Shcheglov , T. Shears , L. Shekhtman , V. Shevchenko , A. Shires , R. Silva Coutinho , G. Simi , M. Sirendi , N. Skidmore , I. Skillicorn , T. Skwarnicki , N. A. Smith , E. Smith , E. Smith , J. Smith , M. Smith , H. Snoek , M. D. Sokoloff , F. J. P. Soler , F. Soomro , D. Souza , B. Souza De Paula , B. Spaan , A. Sparkes , P. Spradlin , S. Sridharan , F. Stagni , M. Stahl , S. Stahl , O. Steinkamp , O. Stenyakin , S. Stevenson , S. Stoica , S. Stone , B. Storaci , S. Stracka , M. Straticiuc , U. Straumann , R. Stroili , V. K. Subbiah , L. Sun , W. Sutcliffe , K. Swientek , S. Swientek , V. Syropoulos , M. Szczekowski , P. Szczypka , T. Szumlak , S. T'Jampens , M. Teklishyn , G. Tellarini , F. Teubert , C. Thomas , E. Thomas , J. van Tilburg , V. Tisserand , M. Tobin , S. Tolk , L. Tomassetti , D. Tonelli , S. Topp-Joergensen , N. Torr , E. Tournefier , S. Tourneur , M. T. Tran , M. Tresch , A. Tsaregorodtsev , P. Tsopelas , N. Tuning , M. Ubeda Garcia , A. Ukleja , A. Ustyuzhanin , U. Uwer , C. Vacca , V. Vagnoni , G. Valenti , A. Vallier , R. Vazquez Gomez , P. Vazquez Regueiro , C. Vázquez Sierra , S. Vecchi , J. J. Velthuis , M. Veltri , G. Veneziano , M. Vesterinen , B. Viaud , D. Vieira , M. Vieites Diaz , X. Vilasis-Cardona , A. Vollhardt , D. Volyanskyy , D. Voong , A. Vorobyev , V. Vorobyev , C. Voß , J. A. de Vries , R. Waldi , C. Wallace , R. Wallace , J. Walsh , S. Wandernoth , J. Wang , D. R. Ward , N. K. Watson , D. Websdale , M. Whitehead , J. Wicht , D. Wiedner , G. Wilkinson , M. P. Williams , M. Williams , H. W. Wilschut , F. F. Wilson , J. Wimberley , J. Wishahi , W. Wislicki , M. Witek , G. Wormser , S. A. Wotton , S. Wright , K. Wyllie , Y. Xie , Z. Xing , Z. Xu , Z. Yang , X. Yuan , O. Yushchenko , M. Zangoli , M. Zavertyaev , L. Zhang , W. C. Zhang , Y. Zhang , A. Zhelezov , A. Zhokhov , L. Zhong , A. Zvyagin

Track detectors in high energy physics experiments require an accurate determination of a large number of alignment parameters. A general method has been developed, which allows the determination of up to several thousand alignment…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2007-05-23 Volker Blobel , Claus Kleinwort