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For massive black hole binaries produced in galactic mergers, we examine the possibility of inspiral induced by interaction with field stars. We model the evolution of such binaries for a range of galaxy core and binary parameters, using…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-11-01 Mohan Rajagopal , Roger W. Romani

When galaxies collide, dynamical friction drives their central supermassive black holes close enought to each other such that gravitational radiation becomes the leading dissipative effect. Gravitational radiation takes away energy,…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-01-07 László Á. Gergely , Peter L. Biermann

The anisotropic emission of gravitational waves during the merger of two supermassive black holes can result in a recoil kick of the merged remnant. We show here that eccentric nuclear disks - stellar disks of eccentric, apse-aligned orbits…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-11-17 Tatsuya Akiba , Ann-Marie Madigan

The first and second Gravitational Wave Transient Catalogs by the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration include $50$ confirmed merger events from the first, second, and first half of the third observational runs. We compute the distribution of recoil…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-02-03 Giacomo Fragione , Abraham Loeb

We study the statistical distributions of the spins of generic black-hole binaries during the inspiral and merger, as well as the distributions of the remnant mass, spin, and recoil velocity. For the inspiral regime, we start with a random…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-12-24 Carlos O. Lousto , Hiroyuki Nakano , Yosef Zlochower , Manuela Campanelli

Although the gravitational wave kick velocity in the orbital plane of coalescing black holes has been understood for some time, apparently conflicting formulae have been proposed for the dominant out-of-plane kick, each a good fit to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-05-18 James R. van Meter , M. Coleman Miller , John G. Baker , William D. Boggs , Bernard J. Kelly

We compute the emission of linear momentum (kicks) by both gravitational and electromagnetic radiation in fully general-relativistic numerical evolutions of quasi-circular charged black hole binaries. We derive analytical expressions for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2022-11-10 Raimon Luna , Gabriele Bozzola , Vitor Cardoso , Vasileios Paschalidis , Miguel Zilhão

Merging binary black holes embedded in gaseous environments, such as supermassive black hole binaries following gas-rich galaxy mergers, are promising sources of multi-messenger transients in the upcoming age of space-based gravitational…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-30 Yoonsoo Kim , Elias R. Most , Hai-Yang Wang

We present results from fully nonlinear simulations of unequal mass binary black holes plunging from close separations well inside the innermost stable circular orbit with mass ratios q = M_1/M_2 = {1,0.85,0.78,0.55,0.32}, or equivalently,…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 F. Herrmann , I. Hinder , D. Shoemaker , P. Laguna

Binary black hole hyperbolic encounters represent a dynamical interaction in which two black holes undergo a close fly-by, emitting gravitational-wave bremsstrahlung in the form of a short-duration, single-cycle transient. These events are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-12-02 Peter Lott , Heleen Amedi , Jay Graves , Yeong-Bok Bae , Margaret Millhouse , Laura Cadonati

When binary black holes merge in dense star clusters, their remnants can pair up with other black holes in the cluster, forming heavier and heavier black holes in a process called hierarchical merger. The most important condition for…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-09-16 Parthapratim Mahapatra , Anuradha Gupta , Marc Favata , K. G. Arun , B. S. Sathyaprakash

We compute the gravitational waveform emitted during the transition from quasi-spherical inspiral to plunge, merger and ringdown for a system of two black holes in the extreme mass ratio limit, where the primary is spinning and the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-09-23 Luca Nagni , Alessandro Nagar , Rossella Gamba , Simone Albanesi , Sebastiano Bernuzzi

Recent numerical relativistic simulations of black hole coalescence suggest that in certain alignments the emission of gravitational radiation can produce a kick of several thousand kilometers per second. This exceeds galactic escape…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Tamara Bogdanovic , Christopher S. Reynolds , M. Coleman Miller

We evolve a binary black hole system bearing a mass ratio of $q=m_1/m_2=2/3$ and individual spins of $S^z_1/m_1^2=0.95$ and $S^z_2/m_2^2=-0.95$ in a configuration where the large black hole has its spin antialigned with the orbital angular…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-05-23 James Healy , Carlos O. Lousto , Ian Ruchlin , Yosef Zlochower

Binary black-hole systems with spins aligned with the orbital angular momentum are of special interest as they may be the preferred end-state of the inspiral of generic supermassive binary black-hole systems. In view of this, we have…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-02-18 Luciano Rezzolla , Ernst Nils Dorband , Christian Reisswig , Peter Diener , Denis Pollney , Erik Schnetter , Bela Szilagyi

We perform a set of 36 nonprecessing black-hole binary simulations with spins either aligned or counteraligned with the orbital angular momentum in order to model the final mass, spin, and recoil of the merged black hole as a function of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-11-11 James Healy , Carlos O. Lousto , Yosef Zlochower

We perform a parameter study of non-spinning, equal and unequal mass black hole binaries on generic, eccentric orbits in numerical relativity. The linear momentum considered ranges from that of a circular orbit to ten times that value. We…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-10-02 Roman Gold , Bernd Bruegmann

We test the accuracy of our recently proposed empirical formula to model the recoil velocity imparted to the merger remnant of spinning, unequal-mass black-hole binaries. We study three families of black-hole binary configurations, all with…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Carlos O. Lousto , Yosef Zlochower

Using several approximations, we calculate an estimate of the gravitational radiation emitted when two equal mass black holes coalesce at the end of their binary inspiral. We find that about 1% of the mass energy of the pair will emerge as…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-07-19 Gaurav Khanna , John Baker , Reinaldo Gleiser , Pablo Laguna , Carlos Nicasio , Hans-Peter Nollert , Richard Price , Jorge Pullin

We report the first 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulation that captures the full, self-consistent evolution from the late inspiral through merger and subsequent recoil of a supermassive binary black hole (SMBBH)…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-08 Maria Chiara de Simone , Manuela Campanelli , Lorenzo Ennoggi , Carlos O. Lousto , Yosef Zlochower