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We introduce a $q$-deformation of the Pythagoras equation $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$, which is a polynomial version of it different from the standard one. We construct a polynomial analogue, or ``$q$-analogue'', of every primitive Pythagorean…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-25 Hugo Mathevet , Sophie Morier-Genoud , Valentin Ovsienko

Heron angle: both its sine and cosine are rational Heron triangle: all its sides and area are rational Heron Parallelogram: all its sides, diagonals and area are rational We give one-to-one (bijective) parametrizations for all three…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2019-05-06 Walter Wyss

This is an English translation from the Latin original of Leonhard Euler's ``Solutio facilior problematis Diophantei circa triangulum, in quo rectae ex angulis latera opposita bisecantes rationaliter exprimantur''. In this paper, Euler…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Leonhard Euler

We introduce a linear algebraic object called a bidiagonal triple. A bidiagonal triple consists of three diagonalizable linear transformations on a finite-dimensional vector space, each of which acts in a bidiagonal fashion on the…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2017-06-14 Darren Funk-Neubauer

We introduce a linear algebraic object called a bidiagonal triad. A bidiagonal triad is a modification of the previously studied and similarly defined concept of bidiagonal triple. A bidiagonal triad and a bidiagonal triple both consist of…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-15 Darren Funk-Neubauer

In this work, we prove that any triangle whose three sidelengths are integers, cannot have all of its three medians also having integral lengths.This is done in Proposition 2.In Section 5, we give precise(i.e.necessary and…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2013-08-16 Konstantine Zelator

An elementary geometric construction known as Napoleon's theorem produces an equilateral triangle built on the sides of any initial triangle: the centroids of each equilateral triangle meeting the original sides, all outward or all inward,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-09-25 Omur Arslan , Daniel E. Koditschek

A Heron triangle is a triangle whose side lengths and area are all positive integers. If the greatest common divisor of the three side lengths is $1$, it is called a primitive Heron triangle. In this paper, we give an equivalent condition…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-22 Yangcheng Li

This article highlights interactions of diverse areas: the Heron formula for the area of a triangle, the Descartes circle equation, and right triangles with integer or rational sides. New and old results are synthesized. We show that every…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Frank Bernhart , H. Lee Price

Richard Guy asked the following question: can we find a triangle with rational sides, medians, and area? Such a triangle is called a \emph{perfect triangle} and no example has been found to date. It is widely believed that such a triangle…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-16 Mehdi Makhul

The arithmetic of natural numbers has a natural and simple encoding within sets, and the simplest set whose structure is not that of any natural number extends this set-theoretic representation to positive and negative integers. The…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-05-17 Ruadhan O'Flanagan

This study investigates a generalisation of the Pythagorean theorem to the lengths of conic arcs constructed symmetrically on the sides of a right triangle. It is demonstrated that the theorem remains valid whenever the conic eccentricity…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-11-04 Antonio Alfonso Arcos Álvarez , Emilio González Abril , María-Jesús Vázquez-Gallo

The main result of this paper, is the complete parametric description of the family of triangles which have integer sidelengths and with one angle being sixty degrees.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2008-03-27 Konstantine Zelator

Magic squares are well-known arrangements of integers with common row, column, and diagonal sums. Various other magic shapes have been proposed, but triangles have been somewhat overlooked. We introduce certain triangular arrangements of…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2022-08-29 Gabriel Hale , Bjorn Vogen , Matthew Wright

A formalism is given to count integer and rational solutions to polynomial equations with rational coefficients. These polynomials $P(x)$ are parameterized by three integers, labeling an elliptic curve. The counting of the rational…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gordon Chalmers

We introduce the Primary Gasing Triangle, a right triangle with a hypotenuse of 1 unit, to define the primary trigonometric functions: sine and cosine. This triangle serves as the foundational element in a new approach to learning…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-03-18 Marcia Ann Surya , Yohanes Surya

Given a collection of N rectangles such that the side ratio of each one is a quadratic irrationality, we find all rectangles which can be tiled by rectangles similar to one of the given ones. It means that each possible shape can be used…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-12-06 Fyodor Sharov

We present a, hopefully, elementary mathematical treatment of the computational aspects of congruent numbers, such that an amateur could understand the problem and perform their own calculations.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-04 Allan J. MacLeod

The relevance of this paper lies in the fact that it resolves two previously unsolved open problems. In the first part of the paper, a new lemma is proved, from which it follows that if there exists a triangle with integer sides and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-03-24 Logman Shihaliev

Geometry is essentially a global language, which is fully understood in different times, countries and cultures. The proof of a geometric theorem (e.g. the Pythagorean Theorem) or a geometric construction (e.g. the construction of an…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2022-08-29 Ioannis Rizos , Nikolaos Gkrekas