Related papers: N-th root
For an odd prime $p$, we say a polynomial $f\in \mathbb F_p[X]$ computes square roots if $f(a)^2=a$ for all nonzero, perfect squares $a\in \mathbb F_p$. When $p\equiv 3 \mod 4$, it is easy to see that $f(X)=X^{\frac{p+1}{4}}$ is the…
W.E. Roth (1952) proved that the matrix equation $AX-XB=C$ has a solution if and only if the matrices $\left[\begin{matrix}A&C\\0&B\end{matrix}\right]$ and $\left[\begin{matrix}A&0\\0&B\end{matrix}\right]$ are similar. A. Dmytryshyn and B.…
We use a representability theorem of G. L. Watson to examine sums of squares in Quaternion rings with integer coefficients. This allows us to determine a large family of such rings where every element expressible as the sum of squares can…
Most of theoretical physics is based on the mathematics of functions of a real or a complex variable; yet we frequently are drawn to try extending our reach to include quaternions. The non-commutativity of the quaternion algebra poses…
Let $Q$ be a positive-definite quaternary quadratic form with prime discriminant. We give an explicit lower bound on the number of representations of a positive integer $n$ by $Q$. This problem is connected with deriving an upper bound on…
We present in this paper some fundamental tools for developing matrix analysis over the complex quaternion algebra. As applications, we consider generalized inverses, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, similarity, determinants of complex…
A formal description of quaternions by means of exterior calculus is presented. Considering a three-dimensional space-time characterized by three time-like coordinates, we have been able to consistently recover a suitable formulation of…
We study systems of quadratic forms over fields and their isotropy over 2-extensions. We apply this to obtain particular splitting fields for quaternion algebras defined over a finite field extension. As a consequence, we obtain that every…
The exponential of an NxN matrix can always be expressed as a matrix polynomial of order N-1. In particular, a general group element for the fundamental representation of SU(N) can be expressed as a matrix polynomial of order N-1 in a…
We study solutions of a quadratic matrix equation arising in Riemannian geometry. Let $S$ be a real symmetric $n\times n$-matrix with zeros on the diagonal and let $\theta$ be a real number. We construct nonzero solutions $(S,\theta)$ of…
We show that all spin groups of non-definite, quinary quadratic forms over a field with characteristic 0 can be represented as 2 by 2 matrices with entries in an associated quaternion algebra. Over local and global fields, we further study…
In this paper we present a solution for any standard quaternion quadratic equation, i.e. an equation of the form $z^2+\mu z+\nu=0$ where $\mu$ and $\nu$ belong to some quaternion division algebra $Q$ over some field $F$, assuming the…
In these notes, we consider the problem of finding the logarithm or the square root of a real matrix. It is known that for every real n x n matrix, A, if no real eigenvalue of A is negative or zero, then A has a real logarithm, that is,…
In this paper we define and study properties and applications of a, b, x0, x1 elements in some special cases.
This paper establishes new upper bounds for the right eigenvalues of monic matrix polynomials over the quaternion division algebra. The noncommutative nature of quaternion multiplication presents fundamental challenges in eigenvalue…
We obtain solutions to the recursive sequences of the form $$x_{n + 1} = \frac{x_{n - 3}x_{n }}{x_{n - 2}(a_n + b_nx_{n -3}x_{n})}$$ where $a_n$ and $b_n$ are arbitrary sequences of real numbers, and the initial values are gives as;…
In this talk I discuss and clarify some issues concerning chiral and nonchiral properties of the one-dimensional supermultiplets of the N-Extended Supersymmetry. Quaternionic chirality can be defined for N=4,5,6,7,8. Octonionic chirality…
There have been several algorithms designed to optimise matrix multiplication. From schoolbook method with complexity $O(n^3)$ to advanced tensor-based tools with time complexity $O(n^{2.3728639})$ (lowest possible bound achieved), a lot of…
This paper presents new formulary solutions for quantic polynomial equations in general forms, where we present five solutions for any fifth degree polynomial equation with real coefficients, and thereby having the possibility to calculate…
To a first approximation, the quark mixing matrix has $\theta^q_{13} = \theta^q_{23} = 0$, whereas the lepton mixing matrix has $\theta^l_{23} = \pi/4$. We show how this structure may be understood if the family symmetry is $Q_8$, the…