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We review recent progress on collisionless relativistic shocks. Kinetic instability theory is briefed including its predictions and limitations. The main focus is on numerical experiments in (i) pair and (ii) electron-nucleon plasmas. The…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2011-10-20 A. M. Bykov , R. A. Treumann

Collisionless shock acceleration, which transfers localized particle energies to non-thermal energetic particles via electromagnetic potential, is ubiquitous in space plasma. We investigate dynamics of collisionless electrostatic shocks…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2023-09-06 Minh Nhat Ly , Takayoshi Sano , Youichi Sakawa , Yasuhiko Sentoku

We describe numerical simulations, using the particle-in-cell (PIC) and hybrid-PIC code Lsp [T. P. Hughes et al., Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 2, 110401 (1999)], of the head-on merging of two laboratory supersonic plasma jets. The goals of…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2013-08-28 C. Thoma , D. R. Welch , S. C. Hsu

The early acceleration of protons and electrons in the nonrelativistic collisionless shocks with three obliquities are investigated through 1D particle-in-cell simulations. In the simulations, the charged particles possessing a velocity of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-05-06 Jun Fang , Chun-Yan Lu , Jing-Wen Yan , Huan Yu

Collisionless shocks are ubiquitous in the Universe and are held responsible for the production of non-thermal particles and high-energy radiation. In the absence of particle collisions in the system, theoretical works show that the…

Shocks in relativistically hot plasmas are thought to exist in various high-energy astrophysical phenomena, but it is not clear how relativistic collisionless shocks are formed, whether particles are accelerated by the shock as in the case…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-18 Kamiido Kazuki , Ohira Yutaka

Shock drift acceleration plays an important role in generating high-energy electrons at quasi-perpendicular shocks, but its efficiency in low beta plasmas is questionable. In this article, we perform a two-dimensional particle-in-cell…

Space Physics · Physics 2024-09-06 Ao Guo , Quanming Lu , San Lu , Zhongwei Yang , Xinliang Gao

We present numerical results from plasma particle simulations of collisionless shocks and ultra-relativistic counter-streaming plasmas. We demonstrate how the field-particle interactions lead to particle acceleration behind the shock-front.…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Trier Frederiksen , C. B. Hededal , T. Haugboelle , A. Nordlund

The outflows from gamma ray bursts, active galactic nuclei and relativistic jets in general interact with the surrounding media through collisionless shocks. With three dimensional relativistic particle-in-cell simulations we investigate…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-11-11 C. B. Hededal , T. Haugboelle , J. T. Frederiksen , Å. Nordlund

We investigate the acceleration of charged particles (both electrons and protons) at collisionless shocks predicted to exist in the vicinity of solar flares. The existence of standing termination shocks has been examined by flare models and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-04 Fan Guo , Joe Giacalone

We measure the thermal electron energization in 1D and 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations of quasi-perpendicular, low-beta ($\beta_p=0.25$) collisionless ion-electron shocks with mass ratio $m_i/m_e=200$, fast Mach number…

Space Physics · Physics 2025-04-15 Aaron Tran , Lorenzo Sironi

What are the mechanisms of particle acceleration and radiation, as well as magnetic field build up and decay in relativistic shocks are open questions with important implications to various phenomena in high energy astrophysics. While the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-06-06 Evgeny V. Derishev , Tsvi Piran

Using the field-particle correlation technique, we examine the particle energization in a 1D-2V continuum Vlasov--Maxwell simulation of a perpendicular magnetized collisionless shock. The combination of the field-particle correlation…

We herein investigate shock formation and particle acceleration processes for both protons and electrons in a quasi-parallel high-Mach-number collisionless shock through a long-term, large-scale particle-in-cell simulation. We show that…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-22 Tsunehiko N. Kato

Understanding the conditions that enable particle acceleration at non-relativistic collisionless shocks is essential to unveil the origin of cosmic rays. We employ 2D and 3D hybrid simulations (with kinetic ions and fluid electrons) to…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-21 Luca Orusa , Damiano Caprioli , Lorenzo Sironi , Anatoly Spitkovsky

Using our new 3-D relativistic electromagnetic particle (REMP) code parallelized with MPI, we investigated long-term particle acceleration associated with a relativistic electron-positron jet propagating in an unmagnetized ambient…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-11-20 K. -I. Nishikawa , J. Niemiec , M. Medvedev , B. Zhang , P. Hardee , Y. Mizuno , A. Nordlund , J. Frederiksen , H. Sol , M. Pohl , D. H. Hartmann , J. F. Fishman

A pair of curved shocks in a collisionless plasma is examined with a two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation. The shocks are created by the collision of two electron-ion clouds at a speed that exceeds everywhere the threshold…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-07-14 M. E. Dieckmann , A. Bock , H. Ahmed , D. Doria , G. Sarri , A. Ynnerman , M. Borghesi

Collisionless plasma shocks are efficient sources of non-thermal particle acceleration in space and astrophysical systems. We use hybrid (kinetic ions -- fluid electrons) simulations to examine the non-linear feedback of the self-generated…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2020-12-16 Colby C. Haggerty , Damiano Caprioli

We use fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulations with unprecedentedly large transverse box sizes to study particle acceleration in weakly-magnetized mildly relativistic shocks traveling at a velocity $\approx 0.75c$ and a Mach number of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-04-10 Patrick Crumley , Damiano Caprioli , Sera Markoff , Anatoly Spitkovsky

Intense laser-plasma interactions are an essential tool for the laboratory study of ion acceleration at a collisionless shock. With two-dimensional particle-in-cell calculations of a multicomponent plasma we observe two electrostatic…