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The value 1 problem is a decision problem for probabilistic automata over finite words: given a probabilistic automaton A, are there words accepted by A with probability arbitrarily close to 1? This problem was proved undecidable recently.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2012-01-27 Nathanaël Fijalkow , Hugo Gimbert , Youssouf Oualhadj

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown clear superiority in sequence modeling, particularly the ones with gated units, such as long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU). However, the dynamic properties behind the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Zhiyuan Tang , Ying Shi , Dong Wang , Yang Feng , Shiyue Zhang

Due to the works of S. Bozapalidis and A. Alexandrakis, there is a well-known characterization of recognizable weighted tree languages over fields in terms of finite-dimensionality of syntactic vector spaces. Here we prove a…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Zoltán Fülöp , Heiko Vogler

This work introduces a novel interpretable machine learning method called Mixture of Decision Trees (MoDT). It constitutes a special case of the Mixture of Experts ensemble architecture, which utilizes a linear model as gating function and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Simeon Brüggenjürgen , Nina Schaaf , Pascal Kerschke , Marco F. Huber

The chain-structured long short-term memory (LSTM) has showed to be effective in a wide range of problems such as speech recognition and machine translation. In this paper, we propose to extend it to tree structures, in which a memory cell…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-03-18 Xiaodan Zhu , Parinaz Sobhani , Hongyu Guo

We introduce an automata model for data words, that is words that carry at each position a symbol from a finite alphabet and a value from an unbounded data domain. The model is (semantically) a restriction of data automata, introduced by…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Ahmet Kara , Thomas Schwentick , Tony Tan

Tree ensemble models like random forests and gradient boosting machines are widely used in machine learning due to their excellent predictive performance. However, a high-performance ensemble consisting of a large number of decision trees…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-28 Zebin Yang , Agus Sudjianto , Xiaoming Li , Aijun Zhang

We introduce and investigate forgetting 1-limited automata, which are single-tape Turing machines that, when visiting a cell for the first time, replace the input symbol in it by a fixed symbol, so forgetting the original contents. These…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Giovanni Pighizzini , Luca Prigioniero

In this article, we present the anytime tree search algorithm we designed for the 2018 ROADEF/EURO challenge glass cutting problem proposed by the French company Saint-Gobain. The resulting program was ranked first among 64 participants.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-03 Luc Libralesso , Florian Fontan

The Learnable Tree Filter presents a remarkable approach to model structure-preserving relations for semantic segmentation. Nevertheless, the intrinsic geometric constraint forces it to focus on the regions with close spatial distance,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Lin Song , Yanwei Li , Zhengkai Jiang , Zeming Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Hongbin Sun , Jian Sun , Nanning Zheng

A non-deterministic recursion scheme recognizes a language of finite trees. This very expressive model can simulate, among others, higher-order pushdown automata with collapse. We show decidability of the diagonal problem for schemes. This…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-03 Lorenzo Clemente , Paweł Parys , Sylvain Salvati , Igor Walukiewicz

The value 1 problem is a decision problem for probabilistic automata over finite words: given a probabilistic automaton, are there words accepted with probability arbitrarily close to 1? This problem was proved undecidable recently; to…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Nathanaël Fijalkow , Hugo Gimbert , Edon Kelmendi , Youssouf Oualhadj

In Formal Languages and Automata Theory courses, students find understanding nondeterministic finite-state and pushdown automata difficult. In many cases, this means that it is challenging for them to comprehend the operational semantics of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Marco T. Morazán , David Anthony K. Fields , Andrés M. Garced , Tijana Minić

A two-dimensional finite automaton has a read-only input head that moves in four directions on a finite array of cells labelled by symbols of the input alphabet. A three-way two-dimensional automaton is prohibited from making upward moves,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-04-26 Taylor J. Smith , Kai Salomaa

Zero automata are a probabilistic extension of parity automata on infinite trees. The satisfiability of a certain probabilistic variant of mso, called tmso + zero, reduces to the emptiness problem for zero automata. We introduce a variant…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-29 Mikolaj Bojańczyk , Hugo Gimbert , Edon Kelmendi

The automated recognition of algorithm implementations can support many software maintenance and re-engineering activities by providing knowledge about the concerns present in the code base. Moreover, recognizing inefficient algorithms like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Denis Neumüller , Florian Sihler , Raphael Straub , Matthias Tichy

A data tree is an unranked ordered tree where each node carries a label from a finite alphabet and a datum from some infinite domain. We consider the two variable first order logic FO2(<,+1,~) over data trees. Here +1 refers to the child…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Florent Jacquemard , Luc Segoufin , Jerémie Dimino

Weak memory models provide a complex, system-centric semantics for concurrent programs, while transactional memory (TM) provides a simpler, programmer-centric semantics. Both have been studied in detail, but their combined semantics is not…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Nathan Chong , Tyler Sorensen , John Wickerson

We study the expressive power of First-Order Logic (\FO) over (unordered) infinite trees, with the aim of identifying robust characterisations in terms of branching-time specification formalisms. While such correspondences are well…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Massimo Benerecetti , Dario Della Monica , Angelo Matteo , Fabio Mogavero , Gabriele Puppis

This work addresses the problem of computing measures of recognisable sets of infinite trees. An algorithm is provided to compute the probability measure of a tree language recognisable by a weak alternating automaton, or equivalently…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Damian Niwiński , Marcin Przybyłko , Michał Skrzypczak