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Fluid antenna (FA) technology has emerged as a promising approach in wireless communications due to its capability of providing increased degrees of freedom (DoFs) and exceptional design flexibility. This paper addresses the challenge of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-15 He Xu , Tuo Wu , Ye Tian , Kangda Zhi , Wei Liu , Baiyang Liu , Hing Cheung So , Naofal Al-Dhahir , Kin-Fai Tong , Chan-Byoung Chae , Kai-Kit Wong

We consider the guaranteed physics of horizontal (hadron) air-showers, HAS, developing at high (tens km) altitudes. Their morphology and information traces are different from vertical ones. Hundreds of km long HAS are often split by…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2023-02-08 D. Fargion

High energy cosmic rays, with energies thousands of times higher than those encountered in particle accelerators, offer scientists the means of investigating the elementary properties of matter. In order to detect high energy cosmic rays,…

The Horizon-T experiment in Tien Shan is based on the idea of measuring the time at which EAS disc passes the observation level with nanosecond accuracy. The detector system consists of ten charged particles registration points located at…

Distinguishing $\gamma$-ray and hadron initiated extensive air showers (EAS) based on lateral distribution of electrons has been studied by detailed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The possibility of using the local age parameter (LAP) of EAS…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-03-24 R. K. Dey , A. Bhadra

Position sensitive detectors based on gaseous scintillation proportional counters with Anger-type readout are being used in several research areas such as neutron detection, search for dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay. Design…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-01-20 L. Pereira , L. M. S. Margato , A. Morozov , V. Solovov , F. A. F. Fraga

An ultra-high-energy cosmic ray (UHECR) colliding with the Earth's atmosphere gives rise to an Extensive Air Shower (EAS). Due to different charge separation mechanisms within the thin shower front coherent electromagnetic radiation will be…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2012-03-01 Krijn D. de Vries , Olaf Scholten , Klaus Werner

Horizontal and Upward air-showers are suppressed by deep atmosphere opacity and by the Earth shadows. In such noise-free horizontal and upward directions rare Ultra High Cosmic rays and rarer neutrino induced air-showers may shine, mostly…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 D. Fargion

Measurements are reported on the fluorescence of air as a function of depth in electromagnetic showers initiated by bunches of 28.5 GeV electrons. The light yield is compared with the expected and observed depth profiles of ionization in…

We address the problem of estimating direction-of-arrivals (DOAs) for multiple acoustic sources in a reverberant environment using a spherical microphone array. It is well-known that multi-source DOA estimation is challenging in the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-30 Rohith Mars , Hiroyuki Ehara , Srikanth Nagisetty , Chong Soon Lim

Several methods can be used to perform statistical inference of primary composition of cosmic rays measured with water Cerenkov detectors as those in use at the Pierre Auger Southern Observatory. In the present work we assess the impact of…

The detection of high-energy tau neutrinos remains a critical challenge in neutrino astronomy, limited by inadequate angular resolution and sensitivity in current detectors like IceCube and KM3NeT. We present a modular water Cherenkov…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-08-26 Monong Yu , Yiren Chen , Lei Wang , Shiping Zhao , Xingyu Li , Qiang Yuan , Yi Zhang , Guang Yang

There is an increasing number of large, digital, synoptic sky surveys, in which repeated observations are obtained over large areas of the sky in multiple epochs. Likewise, there is a growth in the number of (often automated or robotic)…

We describe the measurement of the depth of maximum, Xmax, of the longitudinal development of air showers induced by cosmic rays. Almost four thousand events above 10^18 eV observed by the fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2012-08-27 The Pierre Auger Collaboration

Extensive Air Showers are still the only source of information on primary cosmic rays and their interactions at energies above PeV. However, this information is hidden inside the multiplicative character of the cascading process. Inspite of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2008-11-26 A. D. Erlykin

Autonomous self-triggering for radio detection of extensive air showers remains a long-standing challenge, particularly in environments dominated by strong and variable radio-frequency interference. Current radio arrays usually rely on…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-14 Qader Dorosti

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA), at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina, measures the radio emission of extensive air showers in the 30-80 MHz frequency range. AERA consists of more than 150 antenna stations distributed over…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2019-08-13 Olga Kambeitz

The azimuthal asymmetry in the risetime of signals in Auger surface detector stations is a source of information on shower development. The azimuthal asymmetry is due to a combination of the longitudinal evolution of the shower and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-04-15 The Pierre Auger Collaboration , A. Aab , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , E. J. Ahn , I. Al Samarai , I. F. M. Albuquerque , I. Allekotte , P. Allison , A. Almela , J. Alvarez Castillo , J. Alvarez-Muñiz , M. Ambrosio , G. A. Anastasi , L. Anchordoqui , B. Andrada , S. Andringa , C. Aramo , F. Arqueros , N. Arsene , H. Asorey , P. Assis , J. Aublin , G. Avila , N. Awal , A. M. Badescu , C. Baus , J. J. Beatty , K. H. Becker , J. A. Bellido , C. Berat , M. E. Bertaina , X. Bertou , P. L. Biermann , P. Billoir , J. Biteau , S. G. Blaess , A. Blanco , J. Blazek , C. Bleve , H. Blümer , M. Boháčová , D. Boncioli , C. Bonifazi , N. Borodai , A. M. Botti , J. Brack , I. Brancus , T. Bretz , A. Bridgeman , F. L. Briechle , P. Buchholz , A. Bueno , S. Buitink , M. Buscemi , K. S. Caballero-Mora , B. Caccianiga , L. Caccianiga , A. Cancio , F. Canfora , L. Caramete , R. Caruso , A. Castellina , G. Cataldi , L. Cazon , R. Cester , A. G. Chavez , A. Chiavassa , J. A. Chinellato , J. Chudoba , R. W. Clay , R. Colalillo , A. Coleman , L. Collica , M. R. Coluccia , R. Conceição , F. Contreras , M. J. Cooper , S. Coutu , C. E. Covault , J. Cronin , R. Dallier , S. D'Amico , B. Daniel , S. Dasso , K. Daumiller , B. R. Dawson , R. M. de Almeida , S. J. de Jong , G. De Mauro , J. R. T. de Mello Neto , I. De Mitri , J. de Oliveira , V. de Souza , J. Debatin , L. del Peral , O. Deligny , N. Dhital , C. Di Giulio , A. Di Matteo , M. L. Díaz Castro , F. Diogo , C. Dobrigkeit , J. C. D'Olivo , A. Dorofeev , R. C. dos Anjos , M. T. Dova , A. Dundovic , J. Ebr , R. Engel , M. Erdmann , M. Erfani , C. O. Escobar , J. Espadanal , A. Etchegoyen , H. Falcke , K. Fang , G. Farrar , A. C. Fauth , N. Fazzini , A. P. Ferguson , B. Fick , J. M. Figueira , A. Filevich , A. Filipčič , O. Fratu , M. M. Freire , T. Fujii , A. Fuster , F. Gallo , B. García , D. Garcia-Pinto , F. Gate , H. Gemmeke , A. Gherghel-Lascu , P. L. Ghia , U. Giaccari , M. Giammarchi , M. Giller , D. Głas , C. Glaser , H. Glass , G. Golup , M. Gómez Berisso , P. F. Gómez Vitale , N. González , B. Gookin , J. Gordon , A. Gorgi , P. Gorham , P. Gouffon , N. Griffith , A. F. Grillo , T. D. Grubb , F. Guarino , G. P. Guedes , M. R. Hampel , P. Hansen , D. Harari , T. A. Harrison , J. L. Harton , Q. Hasankiadeh , A. Haungs , T. Hebbeker , D. Heck , P. Heimann , A. E. Herve , G. C. Hill , C. Hojvat , N. Hollon , E. Holt , P. Homola , J. R. Hörandel , P. Horvath , M. Hrabovský , T. Huege , J. Hulsman , A. Insolia , P. G. Isar , I. Jandt , S. Jansen , C. Jarne , J. A. Johnsen , M. Josebachuili , A. Kääpä , O. Kambeitz , K. H. Kampert , P. Kasper , I. Katkov , B. Keilhauer , E. Kemp , R. M. Kieckhafer , H. O. Klages , M. Kleifges , J. Kleinfeller , R. Krause , N. Krohm , D. Kuempel , G. Kukec Mezek , N. Kunka , A. Kuotb Awad , D. LaHurd , L. Latronico , M. Lauscher , P. Lautridou , P. Lebrun , R. Legumina , M. A. Leigui de Oliveira , A. Letessier-Selvon , I. Lhenry-Yvon , K. Link , L. Lopes , R. López , A. López Casado , A. Lucero , M. Malacari , M. Mallamaci , D. Mandat , P. Mantsch , A. G. Mariazzi , V. Marin , I. C. Mariş , G. Marsella , D. Martello , H. Martinez , O. Martínez Bravo , J. J. Masías Meza , H. J. Mathes , S. Mathys , J. Matthews , J. A. J. Matthews , G. Matthiae , D. Maurizio , E. Mayotte , P. O. Mazur , C. Medina , G. Medina-Tanco , V. B. B. Mello , D. Melo , A. Menshikov , S. Messina , M. I. Micheletti , L. Middendorf , I. A. Minaya , L. Miramonti , B. Mitrica , D. Mockler , L. Molina-Bueno , S. Mollerach , F. Montanet , C. Morello , M. Mostafá , C. A. Moura , G. Müller , M. A. Muller , S. Müller , I. Naranjo , S. Navas , P. Necesal , L. Nellen , A. Nelles , J. Neuser , P. H. Nguyen , M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu , M. Niechciol , L. Niemietz , T. Niggemann , D. Nitz , D. Nosek , V. Novotny , H. Nožka , L. A. Núñez , L. Ochilo , F. Oikonomou , A. Olinto , D. Pakk Selmi-Dei , M. Palatka , J. Pallotta , P. Papenbreer , G. Parente , A. Parra , T. Paul , M. Pech , F. Pedreira , J. Pękala , R. Pelayo , J. Peña-Rodriguez , I. M. Pepe , L. A. S. Pereira , L. Perrone , E. Petermann , C. Peters , S. Petrera , J. Phuntsok , R. Piegaia , T. Pierog , P. Pieroni , M. Pimenta , V. Pirronello , M. Platino , M. Plum , C. Porowski , R. R. Prado , P. Privitera , M. Prouza , E. J. Quel , S. Querchfeld , S. Quinn , J. Rautenberg , O. Ravel , D. Ravignani , B. Revenu , J. Ridky , M. Risse , P. Ristori , V. Rizi , W. Rodrigues de Carvalho , J. Rodriguez Rojo , M. D. Rodríguez-Frías , D. Rogozin , J. Rosado , M. Roth , E. Roulet , A. C. Rovero , S. J. Saffi , A. Saftoiu , H. Salazar , A. Saleh , F. Salesa Greus , G. Salina , J. D. Sanabria Gomez , F. Sánchez , P. Sanchez-Lucas , E. M. Santos , E. Santos , F. Sarazin , B. Sarkar , R. Sarmento , C. Sarmiento-Cano , R. Sato , C. Scarso , M. Schauer , V. Scherini , H. Schieler , D. Schmidt , O. Scholten , H. Schoorlemmer , P. Schovánek , F. G. Schröder , A. Schulz , J. Schulz , J. Schumacher , S. J. Sciutto , A. Segreto , M. Settimo , A. Shadkam , R. C. Shellard , G. Sigl , O. Sima , A. Śmiałkowski , R. Šmída , G. R. Snow , P. Sommers , S. Sonntag , J. Sorokin , R. Squartini , D. Stanca , S. Stanič , J. Stapleton , J. Stasielak , F. Strafella , A. Stutz , F. Suarez , M. Suarez Durán , T. Sudholz , T. Suomijärvi , A. D. Supanitsky , M. S. Sutherland , J. Swain , Z. Szadkowski , O. A. Taborda , A. Tapia , A. Tepe , V. M. Theodoro , C. Timmermans , C. J. Todero Peixoto , L. Tomankova , B. Tomé , A. Tonachini , G. Torralba Elipe , D. Torres Machado , P. Travnicek , M. Trini , R. Ulrich , M. Unger , M. Urban , A. Valbuena-Delgado , J. F. Valdés Galicia , I. Valiño , L. Valore , G. van Aar , P. van Bodegom , A. M. van den Berg , A. van Vliet , E. Varela , B. Vargas Cárdenas , G. Varner , J. R. Vázquez , R. A. Vázquez , D. Veberič , V. Verzi , J. Vicha , M. Videla , L. Villaseñor , S. Vorobiov , H. Wahlberg , O. Wainberg , D. Walz , A. A. Watson , M. Weber , A. Weindl , L. Wiencke , H. Wilczyński , T. Winchen , D. Wittkowski , B. Wundheiler , S. Wykes , L. Yang , T. Yapici , D. Yelos , A. Yushkov , E. Zas , D. Zavrtanik , M. Zavrtanik , A. Zepeda , B. Zimmermann , M. Ziolkowski , Z. Zong , F. Zuccarello

Based on a new approach to the detection of radio transients associated with extensive air showers induced by ultra high energy cosmic rays, the experimental apparatus CODALEMA is in operation, measuring about 1 event per day corresponding…

In this paper we discuss several methods of significance calculation and point out the limits of their applicability. We then introduce a self consistent scheme for source detection and discuss some of its properties. The method allows…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 R. Fleysher , L. Fleysher , P. Nemethy , A. I. Mincer , T. J. Haines