Related papers: Notes on the mathematical basis of the UK Non-Nati…

Mathematical modelling allows us to concisely describe fundamental principles in biology. Analysis of models can help to both explain known phenomena, and predict the existence of new, unseen behaviours. Model analysis is often a complex…

The evaluation of the quality of research at a national level has become increasingly common. The UK has been at the forefront of this trend having undertaken many assessments since 1986, the latest being the Research Excellence Framework…

Artificial intelligence (AI) is often presented as a key tool for addressing societal challenges, such as climate change. At the same time, AI's environmental footprint is expanding increasingly. This report describes the systemic…

We discuss the least-square and linear-regression methods, which are relevant for a reliable determination of good nuclear-mass-model parameter sets and their errors. In this perspective, we define exact and inaccurate models and point out…

Off-policy evaluation (OPE) is a critical challenge in robust decision-making that seeks to assess the performance of a new policy using data collected under a different policy. However, the existing OPE methodologies suffer from several…

This paper concerns applications of genetic algorithms and genetic programming to tasks for which it is difficult to find a representation that does not map to a highly complex and discontinuous fitness landscape. In such cases the standard…

This paper presents an integrating decision support system to model food security in the UK. In ever-larger dynamic systems, such as the food system, it is increasingly difficult for decision-makers to effectively account for all the…

Human recursive numeral systems (i.e., counting systems such as English base-10 numerals), like many other grammatical systems, are highly regular. Following prior work that relates cross-linguistic tendencies to biases in learning, we ask…

This thesis investigates the use of problem-specific knowledge to enhance a genetic algorithm approach to multiple-choice optimisation problems.It shows that such information can significantly enhance performance, but that the choice of…

In this short note we briefly review some recent mathematical results relevant to the classical Regge Calculus evolution problem.

Systems are growing into more complex ones for developing and maintaining. Existing systems which do not have much in common on the first look are connected, due to the technical progress, even if it was never intended that way. It is an…

The UK has a long-established reputation for excellence in research across a broad range of fields, but in recent years, there has been greater emphasis on STEM investment and greater recognition of the UK's success in STEM. This paper…

The first part of the theory for the multicomponent nonisothermal nucleation is presented. On the base of analysis of the elementary acts of interation between an embryo and environment the kinetic equation is derived. This equation will be…

International challenges have become the standard for validation of biomedical image analysis methods. Given their scientific impact, it is surprising that a critical analysis of common practices related to the organization of challenges…

Here I introduce basic methods of qualitative analysis of differential equations used in mathematical biology for people with minimal mathematical background.

We analyze the challenges of benchmarking scientific (multi)-agentic systems, including the difficulty of distinguishing reasoning from retrieval, the risks of data/model contamination, the lack of reliable ground truth for novel research…

The empirical laws of chemical kinetics are studied from a microscopic point of view. An analysis based on elementary probability theory and combinatorics is enough to explain the kinetics law observed in experiments. Thus, an out of…

Systemic risk is concerned with the instability of a financial system whose members are interdependent in the sense that the failure of a few institutions may trigger a chain of defaults throughout the system. Recently, several systemic…

There has been a long-standing and at times fractious debate whether complex and large systems can be stable. In ecology, the so-called `diversity-stability debate' arose because mathematical analyses of ecosystem stability were either…

This article deals with the problem of the uncertainty in rule-based systems (RBS), but from the perspective of quantum computing (QC). In this work we first remember the characteristics of Quantum Rule-Based Systems (QRBS), a concept…