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We show that airplane boarding can be asymptotically modeled by 2-dimensional Lorentzian geometry. Boarding time is given by the maximal proper time among curves in the model. Discrepancies between the model and simulation results are…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-10-11 Eitan Bachmat , Daniel Berend , Luba Sapir , Steven Skiena , Natan Stolyarov

This study investigates how the layout and density of seats in aircraft cabins influence the pricing of airline tickets on domestic flights. The analysis is based on microdata from boarding passes linked to face-to-face interviews with…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-10 Alessandro V. M. Oliveira , Moises D. Vassallo

Travel demand forecasting is an essential part of transportation planning and management. The four-step travel model is the traditional and most-common procedure utilized for travel demand forecasting, and many models have been proposed in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-05-18 Hao Wang , Xiao-Yong Yan

We analyze a boarding solution for a transport system in which the number of passengers allowed to enter a transport cabin is automatically controlled. Expressions charac- terizing the stochastic properties of the passenger queue length,…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Pasquale Grippa , Udo Schilcher , Christian Bettstetter

Passengers board a fully booked airplane in order. The first passenger picks one of the seats at random. Each subsequent passenger takes his or her assigned seat if available, otherwise takes one of the remaining seats at random. It is well…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-09-28 Norbert Henze , Günter Last

Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo optimization algorithm and a computer simulation, I find the passenger ordering which minimizes the time required to board the passengers onto an airplane. The model that I employ assumes that the time that…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-09-17 Jason H. Steffen

This study investigates how the layout and seat density in aircraft cabins influence the pricing of airline tickets on domestic flights. The analysis is based on microdata from boarding passes linked to face-to-face interviews with…

General Economics · Economics 2025-12-02 Alessandro V. M. Oliveira , Moises D. Vassallo

We study airplane boarding in the limit of large number of passengers using geometric optics in a Lorentzian metric. The airplane boarding problem is naturally embedded in a 1+1 dimensional space-time with a flat Lorentzian metric. The…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-12-22 Sveinung Erland , Jevgenijs Kaupužs , Vidar Frette , Rami Pugatch , Eitan Bachmat

Airlines use different boarding policies to organize the queue of passengers waiting to enter the airplane. We analyze three policies in the many-passenger limit by a geometric representation of the queue position and row designation of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-07-07 Sveinung Erland , Jevgenijs Kaupužs , Albert Steiner , Eitan Bachmat

The reader is reminded of several puzzles involving randomness. These may be ill-posed, and if well-posed there is sometimes a solution that uses probabilistic intuition in a special way. Various examples are presented including the well…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-10-08 Geoffrey R. Grimmett , David R. Stirzaker

We examine how aircraft seat configuration interacts with daily operation in Regional Air Mobility by applying a joint supply-demand optimization framework that simultaneously determines market share, fare, and flight schedule. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Jung Ho Park , Changyeob Lee , Shangqing Cao , Raja Sengupta , Mark Hansen , Pavan Yedavalli

In social contexts where individuals consume varying amounts, such as shared meals or bar gatherings, splitting the total bill equally often yields surprisingly fair outcomes. In this work, we develop a statistical physics framework to…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-10-21 Nuno Crokidakis , Lucas Sigaud

Airplane boarding process is an example where disorder properties of the system are relevant to the emergence of universality classes. Based on a simple model, we present a systematic analysis of finite-size effects in boarding time, and…

Physics and Society · Physics 2013-05-21 Yongjoo Baek , Meesoon Ha , Hawoong Jeong

Uncertainty is inevitable in transportation system due to the stochastic change of demand and supply. It is one of the most important factors affecting travelers' choice behavior. Based on the framework of Vickrey's bottleneck model, we…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-01-07 Dongxu Lu , Rui Jiang , Ronghui Liu , Qiumin Liu , Ziyou Gao

Calculations and mechanistic explanations for the probabilistic movement of objects at the highly relevant cm length scales has been lacking and overlooked due to the complexity of current techniques. Predicting the final-configuration…

The timely handling of passengers is critical to efficient airport and airline operations. The pandemic requirements mandate adapted process designs and handling procedures to maintain and improve operational performance. Passenger…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-07-20 Michael Schultz , Majid Soolaki , Mostafa Salari , Elnaz Bakhshian

Statistical properties of Brownian motion that arise by analyzing, separately, trajectories over which the system energy increases (upside) or decreases (downside) with respect to a threshold energy level, are derived. This selective…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-08-02 Galen T. Craven , Abraham Nitzan

This article presents a model for the economic value of extra capacity at an airport. The model is based on a series of functional relationships linking the benefits of extra capacity and the associated costs. It takes into account the cost…

Applications · Statistics 2020-08-25 Gérald Gurtner , Anne Graham , Andrew Cook , Samuel Cristóbal

Within the continuous endeavour of improving the efficiency and resilience of air transport, the trend of using concepts and metrics from statistical physics has recently gained momentum. This scientific discipline, which integrates…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-07-29 Felipe Olivares , Massimiliano Zanin

We develop a model of inter-temporal and intra-temporal price discrimination by monopoly airlines to study the ability of different discriminatory pricing mechanisms to increase efficiency and the associated distributional implications. To…

General Economics · Economics 2022-12-07 Gaurab Aryal , Charles Murry , Jonathan W. Williams
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