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In the last years, connection concepts such as rainbow connection and proper connection appeared in graph theory and obtained a lot of attention. In this paper, we investigate the loose edge-connection of graphs. A connected edge-coloured…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-06-24 Christoph Brause , Stanislav Jendrol , Ingo Schiermeyer

An edge-colored graph $G$ is called properly colored if no two adjacent edges share a color in $G$. An edge-colored connected graph $G$ is called properly connected if between every pair of distinct vertices, there exists a path that is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-11 Shinya Fujita

The distinguishing number $D(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the least integer $d$ such that $G$ has a vertex labeling with $d$ labels that is preserved only by a trivial automorphism. The distinguishing chromatic number $\chi_{D}(G)$ of $G$ is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-29 Saeid Alikhani , Samaneh Soltani

A total dominator coloring of a graph $G$ is a proper coloring of $G$ in which each vertex of the graph is adjacent to every vertex of some color class. The total dominator chromatic number of a graph is the minimum number of color classes…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-05-09 Farshad Kazemnejad , Adel P. Kazemi

The fractional and circular chromatic numbers are the two most studied non-integral refinements of the chromatic number of a graph. Starting from the definition of a coloring base of a graph, which originated in work related to ergodic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-12 Pablo Candela , Carlos Catala , Robert Hancock , Adam Kabela , Daniel Kral , Ander Lamaison , Lluis Vena

The distinguishing number $D(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the smallest number of colors that is needed to color $G$ such that the only color preserving automorphism is the identity. We give a complete classification for all connected graphs $G$ of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-19 Svenja Hüning , Wilfried Imrich , Judith Kloas , Hannah Schreiber , Thomas Tucker

A coloring of a graph $G=(V,E)$ is a partition $\{V_1, V_2, \ldots, V_k\}$ of $V$ into independent sets or color classes. A vertex $v\in V_i$ is a Grundy vertex if it is adjacent to at least one vertex in each color class $V_j$ for every…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-12-10 Zixing Tang , Baoyindureng Wu , Lin Hu , Manoucheher Zaker

A split graph is a graph whose vertex set can be partitioned into a clique and an independent set. A connected graph $G$ is said to be $t$-admissible if admits a spanning tree in which the distance between any two adjacent vertices of $G$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-05 Fernanda Couto , Diego Amaro Ferraz , Sulamita Klein

The Burling sequence is a sequence of triangle-free graphs of increasing chromatic number. Any graph which is an induced subgraph of a graph in this sequence is called a Burling graph. These graphs have attracted some attention because they…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-03-06 Pegah Pournajafi , Nicolas Trotignon

A graph is said to be {\it total-colored} if all the edges and the vertices of the graph is colored. A path in a total-colored graph is a {\it total proper path} if $(i)$ any two adjacent edges on the path differ in color, $(ii)$ any two…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-12-03 Hui Jiang , Xueliang Li , Yingying Zhang

The Grundy number of a graph $G$ is the maximum number of colors used by the First-Fit coloring of $G$ and is denoted by $\Gamma(G)$. Similarly, the ${\rm b}$-chromatic number ${\rm{b}}(G)$ of $G$ expresses the worst case behavior of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-04-01 Manouchehr Zaker

A mixed graph has a set of vertices, a set of undirected egdes, and a set of directed arcs. A proper coloring of a mixed graph $G$ is a function $c$ that assigns to each vertex in $G$ a positive integer such that, for each edge $uv$ in $G$,…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Grzegorz Gutowski , Florian Mittelstädt , Ignaz Rutter , Joachim Spoerhase , Alexander Wolff , Johannes Zink

The chromatic polynomial $\pi_{G}(k)$ of a graph $G$ can be viewed as counting the number of vertices in a family of coloring graphs $\mathcal C_k(G)$ associated with (proper) $k$-colorings of $G$ as a function of the number of colors $k$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-06 Shamil Asgarli , Sara Krehbiel , Howard W. Levinson , Heather M. Russell

A proper vertex coloring of a graph is a mapping of its vertices on a set of colors, such that two adjacent vertices are not mapped to the same color. This constraint may be interpreted in terms of the distance between to vertices and so a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-11-10 Sebastian Wiederrecht

Let $G$ be a graph. We introduce the acyclic b-chromatic number of $G$ as an analogue to the b-chromatic number of $G$. An acyclic coloring of a graph $G$ is a map $c:V(G)\rightarrow \{1,\dots,k\}$ such that $c(u)\neq c(v)$ for any $uv\in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-12-27 Marcin Anholcer , Sylwia Cichacz , Iztok Peterin

In this paper, we introduce a new concept in graph coloring, namely the \textit{packing total coloring}, which extends the idea of packing coloring to both the vertices and the edges of a given graph. More precisely, for a graph $G$, a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Jasmina Ferme , Daša Mesarič Štesl

Let $c$ be a proper $k$-coloring of a connected graph $G$ and $\Pi=(C_1,C_2,...,C_k)$ be an ordered partition of $V(G)$ into the resulting color classes. For a vertex $v$ of $G$, the color code of $v$ with respect to $\Pi$ is defined to be…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-12-11 Ali Behtoei , Behnaz Omoomi

The proper connection number $pc(G)$ of a connected graph $G$ is defined as the minimum number of colors needed to color its edges, so that every pair of distinct vertices of $G$ is connected by at least one path in $G$ such that no two…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-01-26 Xueliang Li , Meiqin Wei , Jun Yue

For any graph $G$ on $n$ vertices and for any {\em symmetric} subgraph $J$ of $K_{n,n}$, we construct an infinite sequence of graphs based on the pair $(G,J)$. The First graph in the sequence is $G$, then at each stage replacing every…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-10-10 Kiran B. Chilakamarri , M. F. Khan , C. E. Larson , C. J. Tymczak

The crossing number of a graph $G$ is the least number of crossings over all possible drawings of $G$. We present a structural characterization of graphs with crossing number one.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-08-24 André C. Silva , Alan Arroyo , R. Bruce Richter , Orlando Lee